scholarly journals A SHORT REVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION OF DICTYOCAULUS FILARIA RUDOLPHI (1809) LUNG NEMATODE IN SHEEP OF DIFFERENT CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE ZONES OF ARMENIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
Movsesyan ◽  
Petrosyan ◽  
Nikoghosyan ◽  
Terenina ◽  
Voronin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Age Dynamics ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Long Term Studies

Original long-term studies of the authors on the sheep infestation by D. filaria in conditions of pronounced vertical zonal character of climate and landscape belts (300–2000 m above sea level) have shown a presence of wide infestation among all age groups of the animals: in lambs up to 60%, in young sheep up to 57% and in adult sheep up to 45%. Dictyocaulus is also present in moufflons and bezoar goats in Armenia. The main reasons for such a wide infection are the following: • a monoxenous character of D. filaria life cycle, i.e. the parasite being a geohelminth; • its survivability in wide range of biotic conditions; • an insufficient volume of planned prophylaxis measures against dictyocaulosis. A study of seasonal and age dynamics on author's own and literature data was also performed. Dynamics of infestation of lambs with Dictyocaulus is in both lowlands and mountain zones characterized with 2 peaks: summer and autumn ones (prevalence reaching 29.0% for lowlands, 42.0% for highlands in contrast to 5.7% and 2.8% respectively in the spring) with no invasion at start of the year. For young and adult sheep, dynamics of invasion with Dictyocaulus is characterized with high prevalence in spring and autumn periods (start of the year prevalence up to 45.0%, decrease to 15–25.0% in summer, rising to 40.0% and higher in October-December).

scholarly journals Inter-Annual Variability of Water Exchange between the Azov Sea and the Sivash Bay through the Tonky Strait

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Е. S. Eremina ◽  
V. P. Evstigneev ◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
Climatic Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Outflow

Purpose. The work is aimed at studying the components’ intra- and inter-annual variability in the water exchange between the Sivash Bay and the Sea of Azov through the Tonky Strait at the current climatic period based on the empirical conversion schemes and using the hydrometeorological observation data obtained at the nearby stations. Methods and Results. Using the data on the sea level, and the wind direction and speed, the runoffs of the Azov Sea and the Sivash Bay waters in the Tonky Strait during 1966–2013 are calculated by two methods developed by Slatinsky Yu.G. in 1969 and Raskin L.G. in 1992. Predominance of the Azov currents over the Sivash ones is revealed. Seasonal and long-term dynamics of the runoff values in the strait are given based on the monthly average and annual average data. The data on the wind regime variability in the Genichesk region, and the sea level at the Genichesk meteorological station and at the Chongarsky bridge meteorological post are cited. Conclusions. The calculations show that the average annual inflow of the Azov waters through the Tonky Strait varies within the wide range 0.3 km3 – 1.18 km3, and the outflow of the Sivash waters constitutes on average 0.26 km3 per year. Difference between the water inflow and outflow in the strait is characterized by high inter-annual variability. Over the whole period under study, it amounted on average up to 0.45 km3. In the components’ spectrum of water exchange between the Sivash Bay and the Azov Sea, distinguished are the ~ 4 year fluctuations of the Sivash waters outflow from the bay, and the 3 and 5–6 year fluctuations of the Azov Sea waters inflow to the Sivash Bay. Multi-year variability of the Sivash water outflow with the 4 year periodicity is conditioned by the same precipitation amount periodicity over the Sivash Bay.

The occurrence of a stable quinone radical accumulating in vivo during natural and induced senescence in a range of plants

1994 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 501-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. F. Hendry ◽  
N. M. Atherton ◽  
Wendy Seel ◽  
Olivier Leprince
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Organic Free Radical ◽  
W Band ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Electron Transport Chains ◽  
Long Term Studies

SynopsisA correlation has been firmly established, in a wide range of plants, between environmental stress, the onset of senescence, loss of viability in seeds and the development and accumulation of a stable organic free radical. On the basis of the EPR response obtained at 95 GHz (W-band) and ENDOR spectra, and comparisons with quinone radical anions, we present evidence from contrasted plant species, plant tissues and sub-cellular fractions that this stable radical originates from one or more quinones possibly, though perhaps not exclusively, associated with stressed or age-impaired photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains. The radical appears to be ubiquitously associated with sub-lethal stress-induced damage and with senescence and arises during the sub-cellular structural and biochemical processes associated with the final phases of metabolism prior to death. As the free radical persists for some considerable time after death, it may have value in long-term studies of seed viability and in broader areas of plant pathology and stress physiology.

scholarly journals Inter-Annual Variability of Water Exchange between the Azov Sea and the Sivash Bay through the Tonky Strait

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Е. S. Eremina ◽  
V. P. Evstigneev ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
Climatic Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Outflow

Purpose. The work is aimed at studying the components’ intra- and inter-annual variability in the water exchange between the Sivash Bay and the Sea of Azov through the Tonky Strait at the current climatic period based on the empirical conversion schemes and using the hydrometeorological observation data obtained at the nearby stations. Methods and Results. Using the data on the sea level, and the wind direction and speed, the runoffs of the Azov Sea and the Sivash Bay waters in the Tonky Strait during 1966–2013 are calculated by two methods developed by Slatinsky Yu.G. in 1969 and Raskin L.G. in 1992. Predominance of the Azov currents over the Sivash ones is revealed. Seasonal and long-term dynamics of the runoff values in the strait are given based on the monthly average and annual average data. The data on the wind regime variability in the Genichesk region, and the sea level at the Genichesk meteorological station and at the Chongarsky bridge meteorological post are cited. Conclusions. The calculations show that the average annual inflow of the Azov waters through the Tonky Strait varies within the wide range 0.3 km3 – 1.18 km3, and the outflow of the Sivash waters constitutes on average 0.26 km3 per year. Difference between the water inflow and outflow in the strait is characterized by high inter-annual variability. Over the whole period under study, it amounted on average up to 0.45 km3. In the components’ spectrum of water exchange between the Sivash Bay and the Azov Sea, distinguished are the ~4 year fluctuations of the Sivash waters outflow from the bay, and the 3 and 5–6 year fluctuations of the Azov Sea waters inflow to the Sivash Bay. Multi-year variability of the Sivash water outflow with the 4 year periodicity is conditioned by the same precipitation amount periodicity over the Sivash Bay.

scholarly journals Current global Status and the Epidemiology of Entamoeba gingivalis in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Badri ◽  
Aida Vafae Eslahi ◽  
Meysam Olfatifar
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Global Status

Abstract Purpose Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) is one of the members of the wide range of oral resident pathogens in humans, particularly found in dental plaques, surfaces of gingiva or teeth, interdental spaces and carious lesions. The purpose of the current review and meta-analysis was to determine the global prevalence of E. gingivalis infection and its association with oral diseases based on published literatures. Methods Multiple English databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were explored for papers published until August 2020. A total of 52 studies (including 7596 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Results The overall prevalence of E. gingivalis was estimated to be 37% (95% CI: 29% - 46%). With regard to different countries, the highest and lowest pooled prevalence of E. gingivalis infection were related to Jordan with 87% (95% CI: 81% - 92%) and Portugal with 3% (95% CI: 0% - 10%), respectively. Based on WHO regions, the highest prevalence was related to the region of the Americas with 56% (95% CI: 31%-79%). The infection was most prevalent in 46-55 mean age groups [61% (95% CI: 21% - 94%)]. Among different diagnostic methods, the highest rate of the pooled prevalence was related to the molecular [53% (95% CI: 24% - 81%)] and the direct methods [36% (95% CI: 25% - 47%)], respectively. Our analyses revealed that E. gingivalis infection was associated with 4.34-fold increased risk of oral diseases (P < 0.05).Conclusion Our findings revealed a high prevalence rate of the infection among periodontal disease patients with 37% (95% CI: 20% - 57%). To conclude, it must be considered that E. gingivalis can be a risk factor associated with oral diseases and a wide range of research is needed to specify its role in the pathogenesis of these disorders.

scholarly journals COVID-19 related concerns of people with long-term respiratory conditions: a qualitative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keir E. J. Philip ◽  
Bradley Lonergan ◽  
Andrew Cumella ◽  
Joe Farrington-Douglas ◽  
Michael Laffan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Psychological Impacts ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Respiratory Conditions

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic is having profound psychological impacts on populations globally, with increasing levels of stress, anxiety, and depression being reported, especially in people with pre-existing medical conditions who appear to be particularly vulnerable. There are limited data on the specific concerns people have about COVID-19 and what these are based on. Methods The aim of this study was to identify and explore the concerns of people with long-term respiratory conditions in the UK regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and how these concerns were affecting them. We conducted a thematic analysis of free text responses to the question “What are your main concerns about getting coronavirus?”, which was included in the British Lung Foundation/Asthma UK (BLF-AUK) partnership COVID-19 survey, conducted between the 1st and 8th of April 2020. This was during the 3rd week of the UK’s initial ‘social distancing measures’ which included advice to stay at home and only go outside for specific limited reasons. Results 7039 responses were analysed, with respondents from a wide range of age groups (under 17 to over 80), gender, and all UK nations. Respondents reported having asthma (85%), COPD (9%), bronchiectasis (4%), interstitial lung disease (2%), or ‘other’ lung diseases (e.g. lung cancer) (1%). Four main themes were identified: (1) vulnerability to COVID-19; (2) anticipated experience of contracting COVID-19; (3) pervasive uncertainty; and (4) inadequate national response. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic is having profound psychological impacts. The concerns we identified largely reflect contextual factors, as well as their subjective experience of the current situation. Hence, key approaches to reducing these concerns require changes to the reality of their situation, and are likely to include (1) helping people optimise their health, limit risk of infection, and access necessities; (2) minimising the negative experience of disease where possible, (3) providing up-to-date, accurate and consistent information, (4) improving the government and healthcare response.

scholarly journals Disordered eating and eating disorders in male elite athletes: a scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000801
Author(s):  
Yannis Karrer ◽  
Robin Halioua ◽  
Sonja Mötteli ◽  
Samuel Iff ◽  
Erich Seifritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
High Level

BackgroundEating disorders (ED) and disordered eating (DE) among male elite athletes share some of the characteristics seen in female elite athletes and the population, but also exhibit some key differences.ObjectiveScoping review of ED and DE in male elite athletes.MethodsIn May 2020, a comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted for DE and ED in male elite athletes.ResultsWe identified 80 studies which included 47 uncontrolled, 14 controlled studies, one interventional trial and 18 reviews.DiscussionThere was a wide range of definitions of DE and a high level of heterogeneity regarding competitive level, age and sport type. In adult male elite athletes, ED prevalence rates up to 32.5% were found, higher than in the general population. Prevalence was not higher in young/adolescent male elite athletes. The most frequently associated factor was competing in weight-sensitive sports. Male elite athletes tended to exhibit less body dissatisfaction than controls and were not always associated with DE. There were no studies looking at the prognosis or reporting an evidence-based approach for the management of DE in male elite athletes.ConclusionExisting literature indicates high prevalence of DE and ED in male elite athletes, with a wide range of aetiopathogenesis. There is a need for longitudinal studies to characterise the pathology and long-term outcomes, as well as develop standardised tools for assessment and treatments.

scholarly journals Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptors in cerebral arteries: changes with development and high-altitude hypoxia

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (6) ◽  
pp. R1954-R1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhou ◽  
Y. Zhao ◽  
R. Nijland ◽  
L. Zhang ◽  
L. D. Longo
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Receptor Density ◽  
Altitude Hypoxia ◽  
Contractile Responses ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Density Values

We and others have shown that adrenergic-mediated contractile responses in cerebral vessels in vitro differ with vessel segment, with developmental age, and with high-altitude, long-term hypoxia. This is associated with significant differences in alpha 1-adrenergic receptor density and norepinephrine (NE)-induced response of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3]. To test the hypothesis that vessel-specific, developmental, and hypoxic-associated contractility changes are mediated, in part, by changes in Ins(1,4,5)P3-receptor [Ins(1,4,5)P3-R] density or affinity, we performed the following study. In common carotid (Com), circle of Willis, and main branch anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (MBC) from normoxic fetal (approximately 140 days), newborn (3-5 days), and adult sheep and fetal and adult sheep acclimatized to high altitude, we quantified Ins(1,4,5)P3-R with [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3. In normoxic Com, Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density values (fmol/mg protein) in fetus, newborn, and adult were 8 +/- 53, 150 +/- 18, and 357 +/- 21, respectively (P < 0.05). In normoxic MBC cerebral arteries, the receptor density values in the three age groups were 115 +/- 15, 105 +/- 9, 99 +/- 5 fmol/mg protein, respectively. For fetal and adult Com, high-altitude, long-term hypoxemia was associated with decreases in Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density of 32 (to 58 +/- 5) and 70% (to 109 +/- 12), respectively, from control values (P < 0.01). In MBC cerebral arteries of fetus and adult, hypoxic-associated decreases in Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density from control were 80 (to 23 +/- 3) and 47% (to 53 +/- 7), respectively (P < 0.01). Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding affinity to the receptor averaged 11.8 +/- 0.5 nM and did not vary significantly as a function of vessel type, developmental age, or hypoxia. In Com, but not in MBC, Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density increased dramatically with developmental age. This suggests that differences in Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density values may account, in part, for differences in contractile responses of the two artery types in the several age groups. In response to long-term, high-altitude hypoxia, Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density values in both fetal and adult Com and MBC decreased significantly, as did their NE-induced contraction. This suggests a cellular basis for changes in cerebrovascular contractility in response to long-term hypoxia and that Ins(1,4,5)P3-R may play a role in acclimatization responses to high altitude.

A comparison of the welfare of sows in different housing conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Broom ◽  
M. T. Mendl ◽  
A. J. Zanella
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Immunological Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Long Term Studies

AbstractTwelve sows in good quality unstrawed stalls, three groups of five sows in strawed pens with individual feeding stalls and sows in a 38-sow group in a strawed yard with an electronic sow feeder were compared during the first four parities. They originated from the same source, were about 9 months of age and in the 7th week of their first pregnancy at the start of the experiment and were kept in adjacent rooms in a building, cared for by the same staff and given the same diets at a rate of 2·2 kg/day per animal. No new animals were added to the groups or stalls during the study and animals returned to the same condition after periods in farrowing and service accommodation. Using a wide range of welfare indicators, it was clear that stall-housed sows had more problems than group-housed sows and that tliese problems were worse in the fourth than in the first pregnancy. By the fourth pregnancy, stall-housed sows spent proportionately 0·14 of time showing activities which were clearly stereotypies and much time on activities which were sometimes stereotyped, i.e. ‘drinking’ and rooting or chewing at pen fittings making a total of proportionately 0·50 of time. Comparable figures for group-housed sows were much lower (0·037 and 0·081 in total). Stall-housed sows were also more aggressive than group-housed by the fourth pregnancy and their body weights were lower. There were no differences using physiological or immunological tests or measures of reproductive output. When the two group-housing systems were compared, sows in the electronic feeder system showed more fighting, especially soon after initial mixing, but fewer total agonistic interactions than sows in groups of five during the first pregnancy. Oral stereotypies were slightly higher in small groups, perhaps because of smaller pen space, than in larger groups but much lower than in stalls. By the fourth pregnancy there were few differences between sows in small and large groups and all seemed to have adapted well to the conditions. Evaluation of welfare in different housing systems requires use of a wide range of measures and of long-term studies.

scholarly journals Long Term Impact of Conjugate Vaccines on Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis: Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 886
Author(s):  
Mary Paulina Elizabeth Slack
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Short Review ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Indigenous Children ◽  
Serotype B ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Long Term Impact

H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) used to be the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in young children. The widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccine has profoundly altered the epidemiology of H. influenzae meningitis. This short review reports on the spectrum of H. influenzae meningitis thirty years after Hib conjugate vaccine was first introduced into a National Immunization Program (NIP). Hib meningitis is now uncommon, but meningitis caused by other capsulated serotypes of H. influenzae and non-typeable strains (NTHi) should be considered. H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) has emerged as a significant cause of meningitis in Indigenous children in North America, which may necessitate a Hia conjugate vaccine. Cases of Hie, Hif, and NTHi meningitis are predominantly seen in young children and less common in older age groups. This short review reports on the spectrum of H. influenzae meningitis thirty years after Hib conjugate vaccine was first introduced into a NIP.

scholarly journals Motility Profile of Captive-Bred Marmosets Revealed by a Long-Term In-Cage Monitoring System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Koizumi ◽  
Naotake Nogami ◽  
Kensuke Owari ◽  
Akiyo Kawanobe ◽  
Terumi Nakatani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Diurnal Activity ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Short Cycle ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Term Evaluation

A quantitative evaluation of motility is crucial for studies employing experimental animals. Here, we describe the development of an in-cage motility monitoring method for new world monkeys using off-the-shelf components, and demonstrate its capability for long-term operation (e.g., a year). Based on this novel system, we characterized the motility of the common marmoset over different time scales (seconds, hours, days, and weeks). Monitoring of seven young animals belonging to two different age groups (sub-adult and young-adult) over a 231-day period revealed: (1) strictly diurnal activity (97.3% of movement during daytime), (2) short-cycle (∼20 s) transition in activity, and (3) bimodal diurnal activity including a “siesta” break. Additionally, while the mean duration of short-cycle activity, net daily activity, and diurnal activity changed over the course of development, 24-h periodicity remained constant. Finally, the method allowed for detection of progressive motility deterioration in a transgenic marmoset. Motility measurement offers a convenient way to characterize developmental and pathological changes in animals, as well as an economical and labor-free means for long-term evaluation in a wide range of basic and translational studies.

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