scholarly journals Why Invest to Prevent Child Abuse? The Budgetary Impact of Direct, Indirect and Collateral Derived Costs

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Teresa Sotelo Morales
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
International Studies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Budgetary Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Prevent Child Abuse

Violence, and neglect in childhood, present innumerable economic costs to nations, whose impact on spending the public budget fluctuates between 15% and 25% of the annual government budget, as shown by several studies carried out in the United States, the European Union, and Mexico. The Center of Developing Child, of Harvard, emphazises that during the first years of life, the development of the brain can be physiologically altered by the prolonged and severe abuse of a child, over time, the brain of a 3 year old child, grows disproportionately large and heavy [1], reaching nearly 90% of the size of an adult brain. This alteration in the development of the brain can negatively impact the physical, cognitive, emotional and social development, whose consequences will always be present, even 30, 40 or 50 years later. International studies with significant data, are herein in summary presented. All in unison insists not only on preventing but on eradicating child maltreatment, considering this scourge as the determining element that havoc in government budgets. With an encourage exhortatory that by investing in preventing children from violence, a significant reduction in gross domestic product from 20 to 25% would be achieved

Technische Universitaät Darmstadt v. Eugen Ulmer KG

2015 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Carstens
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Attention ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
Mass Digitization

In Technische Universität Darmstadt v. Eugen Ulmer KG, the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ or Court) addressed several important copyright issues stemming from a practice that continues to confound many legal practitioners and adjudicators: the mass digitization of library collections. The judgment adds to an emerging body of jurisprudence decided in the context of a trend toward greater digitization that could ultimately facilitate the development of a global, digital library. To date, the jurisprudence has largely been formed by cases challenging mass digitization that are percolating through the United States courts and have attracted international attention and criticism. The ECJ decision thus provides an important point of reference for evaluating how different jurisdictions balance the rights of authors against the public interest, as served by relevant fair use exceptions consistent with their international obligations under traditional copyright treaties, the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, and the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) applicable to all WTO member states.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology for the Brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (01) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Alan S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Nanowire Arrays ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Brain

This article explores various nanotechnology-based programs conducted by different teams to study the brain. In the United States, the National Institutes of Health is leading the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative, a public–private program that will spend millions on research. The European Union has also proposed a similar effort that will focus on simulating the entire brain on supercomputers. Hongkun Park is developing nanowire arrays that can inject neurons with chemicals or measure electrical activity as it develops in the cell. Weiss and Anne Andrews, a professor of psychiatry at UCLA, have developed sensors that detect the important neurotransmitter, serotonin, by engineering surfaces that bond with it exclusively and not with related molecules. The next step is to create transducers that signal when sensors capture a serotonin molecule. Nanotechnology will play a vital role in that advance.

scholarly journals Challenges, Cooperation and Paradoxes in the Coca Cocaine Complex

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Mariá De Los Ángeles Lasa
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
South American ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
American States ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Eu

The coca-cocaine complex in South America is one of the most serious threats to the region’s political, economic and social institutions. It has infected the public and private sectors with the virus of corruption and violence, and it has brought about the intervention of extra-regional actors that have contributed to worsening the situation. In the fight against this threat since the 1970s, South American countries have had the support of the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) which, these being the world’s largest consumers of cocaine in the world, has become the source of a vicious paradox: the challenges for South American states arise not only from the coca-cocaine complex itself, but also from the cooperation of those world superpowers in the fight against it. This paper analyses both the cooperation among drug actors –an issue that has historically been overlooked–, and the previously mentioned paradox in the case of South American states and the EU.

scholarly journals Bank rescues and fiscal policy in the European Union during the great recession

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Ferreiro ◽  
Catalina Gálvez ◽  
Carmen Gómez ◽  
Ana González
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Budgetary Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Fiscal Impulse ◽  
The Impact

The outbreak of the economic and financial crisis in 2008, the socalled Great Recession, has made that many European Union countries have made massive interventions in their banking and financial systems. These interventions have had a considerable impact in the public finances of these countries. The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact on the national public budgets of the measures of public support to problem financial institutions carried out between the years 2008 and 2013, and to study how this budgetary impact has affected to the fiscal imbalances and to the strategies of fiscal impulse and consolidation implemented along these years.

Encyclopedia of Public Administration

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
International Studies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
The University

Encyclopedia of Public Administration is the first Polish interdisciplinary encyclopedia covering the issues of public administration, both in the theoretical context and with reference to its functioning in practice. The publication, whose idea was developed by researchers from the Institute of Political Sciences at the Faculty of Political Science and International Studies of the University of Warsaw, was prepared by scientists from eight Polish universities. Readers seeking knowledge and information on such issues as democracy, the system of public authorities in Poland, including local and regional self-government authorities, rules governing the practice of the functioning of offices, issues regarding officials and professional ethics, and finally forms of citizens’ participation in co-governance and their rights in relations with the public administration system, will appreciate the several hundred entries. Issues related to the functioning of the Polish administration in the structures of the European Union are also taken into account. This list does not exhaust the extensive range of entries. The Encyclopedia is addressed to various readers – the scientific community, students, representatives of public administration or citizens seeking information about the system of public institutions and the rules governing their functioning. The authors of the entries are authorities in the field of law, state systems and political issues of public administration, such as Professors Hubert Izdebski, Robert Kmieciak, Izabela Malinowska, Stanisław Mazur, Andrzej Misiuk, Jacek Sroka, Jacek Wojnicki and scientific editor of the volume Jolanta Itrich-Drabarek, Head of the Department of State Sciences and Public Administration at the Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, University of Warsaw.

DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON REGIONS’ COMPETITIVENESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SVETLANA PYANKOVA ◽  
MARIJA TROYANSKAYA ◽  
YULIYA TYURINA
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hierarchy Process

This study aimed to assess the impact of digital development on the competitiveness indicators of countries and regions. The research methodology was based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a structured technique adapted to solve the nonlinear optimization problem by choosing the most suitable scenario for the public administration of regions’ digital development. The analysis of digital competitiveness across European countries revealed that its development is quite uneven. Within the European Union, both digitalization leaders and outsiders were noted. Modeling three digitalization scenarios for Russia, China, the United States and the countries of Europe allowed defining Scenario 3 (accelerated digitalization) as the best way for managing their development in the context of digital transformation. The significance of the conducted research lies in the fact that it distinguished the digital economy components affecting both digital and overall regions’ competitiveness. The results obtained can be taken advantage of by individuals engaged in the field of economic activity to determine the role of various organizations, strategic levers, and indicators that ensure an effective response to challenges of competition in the regional and global markets.

Policies for Online Search

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill D. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Search Engines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Online Search ◽  
The Public ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Affect Expression ◽  
The World ◽  
Secondary Liability

The volume of information on the Internet is incomprehensible and growing exponentially. With such a vast ocean of information available, search engines have become an indispensible tool for virtually all users. Yet much of what is available online is potentially objectionable, controversial, or harmful. This leaves search engines in a potentially precarious position, simultaneously wanting to maximize the usefulness of results for end users while also minimizing political, regulatory, civil, and even criminal difficulties in the jurisdictions where they operate. Conversely, the substantial logistical and legal obstacles to regulating Internet content also leave policymakers in an unenviable position, and content that the public or policymakers may well want regulated—even that which is patently illegal—can remain virtually impossible to stamp out. The policies that may affect online search are incredibly varied, including contract law, laws that affect expression and media producers more generally, copyright, fraud, privacy, and antitrust. For the most part, the law that applies was developed in and will still apply to offline contexts as well. Internet search is still an area filled with its own vexing policy questions. In many cases, these are questions of secondary liability—addressing whether the search provider is liable for search results that link to websites that are beyond their control. In other areas, though, the behavior of search providers will endure specific scrutiny. While many of these questions could be or actually are asked in countries around the world, this article focuses primarily on the legal regimes in the United States and the European Union.

Model UN and Model EU Programs

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen J. Van Dyke
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
European Union ◽  
Experiential Learning ◽  
United Nations ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
The European Union

The United Nations and the European Union are extraordinarily complex institutions that pose considerable challenges for international studies faculty who work to expose their students to the theoretical, conceptual, and factual material associated with both entities. One way that faculty across the academic spectrum are bringing the two institutions “alive” for their students is by utilizing in-class and multi-institutional simulations of both the UN and the EU. Model United Nations (MUN) and Model European Union simulations are experiential learning tools used by an ever-increasing number of students. The roots of Model UN simulations can be traced to the student-led Model League of Nations simulations that began at Harvard University in the 1920s. Current secondary school MUN offerings include two initiatives, Global Classrooms and the Montessori Model Union Nations (Montessori-MUN). Compared to the institutionalized MUNs, Model EU programs are relatively young. There are three long-standing, distinct, intercollegiate EU simulations in the United States: one in New York, one in the Mid-Atlantic region, and one in the Mid-West. As faculty continue to engage their students with Model UN and Model EU simulations, new scholarship is expected to continue documenting their experiences while emphasizing the value of active and experiential learning pedagogies. In addition, future research will highlight new technologies as critical tools in the Model UN and Model EU preparatory processes and offer quantitative data that supports well-established qualitative conclusions about the positive educational value of these simulations.

Government Promotion of the Electric Car: Risk Management or Industrial Policy?

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley W. Lane ◽  
Natalie Messer–Betts ◽  
Devin Hartmann ◽  
Sanya Carley ◽  
Rachel M. Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Government Promotion

There are two prominent motivations for why governments seek to promote the electric car: risk management and industrial policy. This article provides operational definitions of these two motivations and uses them to characterize the public policies of six political jurisdictions: California, China, the European Union, France, Germany, and the United States. The article finds that while the European Union is focused primarily on risk management, China, Germany and the United States are primarily engaged in industrial policy. California and France are intermediate cases with a substantial blend of industrial policy and risk management. Future research into the ramifications of industrial policy for liberalized international trade is recommended.

Copyright

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Ginsburg
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
Distribution Right ◽  
Exceptions And Limitations

This chapter offers an overview of copyright in general in common law and civil law countries, with an emphasis on the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). It addresses the history and philosophies of copyright (authors’ right), subject matter of copyright (including the requirement of fixation and the exclusion of “ideas”), formalities, initial ownership and transfers of title, duration, exclusive moral and economic rights (including reproduction, adaptation, public performance and communication and making available to the public, distribution and exhaustion of the distribution right), exceptions and limitations (including fair use), and remedies. It also covers the liability of intermediaries, and new copyright obligations concerning technological protections and copyright management information. It concludes with some observations concerning the role of copyright in promoting creativity and free expression.

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