Entrepreneurial Energy in a Far-From-Equilibrium Opportunity Driving Entrepreneurial Actions.

Entrepreneurial Action ◽

Quantum Science ◽

Disequilibrium, and complexity are the distinguishing characteristics of entrepreneurial phenomena. How do the entrepreneurs arbitrage, leverage and benefit in the disequilibria and what spur them to action? The force that drives entrepreneurial ventures, from creation to sustaining them through to exit, and then through innovation to extend the game or recreate another play, there is an imminent force that holds and sustains entrepreneurial momentum. Entrepreneurial energy, a coined terminology in this paper, is that endogenous force. There are scarce researches on energy relating to entrepreneurship, in particular, there is no specific mention of the “entrepreneurial energy” in the theory of entrepreneurship. The closest proxy is entrepreneurial passions. Passion cannot be held in equal doses throughout the venture pathway. John Maynard Keynes coined the phrase "animal spirits" in his 1936 book “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”. (Keynes, 1936) He used the term to describe emotions that influence human economic behaviour. Animal spirits create an ambience of trust and faith and are a necessary prerequisite for human actions, much more than quantitative logic. Keynes felt animal spirits were needed as a goad to economic action rather than inaction. Schumpeter (Schumpeter, 1942) came up with the German word Unternehmergeist, meaning entrepreneur-spirit, adding that these individuals controlled the economy because they are responsible for delivering innovation and technological change. Whether its entrepreneurial energy, animal spirit or entrepreneur-spirit, it is a force that needs reckoning with in entrepreneurship study. Entrepreneurial energy is the force that sustains the momentum and velocity of progression in the venture. Energy can rise through excitation/ agitation and fall through decay of the energy as a result of predicaments or failures. Entrepreneurial energy is an endogenous force that fuels motivation and sustains entrepreneurial action and momentum. Encapsulating hope, optimism and obsessiveness, the nature and experience of the entrepreneurial energy provides meaning to the entrepreneurial pursuit and venture. Entrepreneurial energy is a motivational construct characterised by positive intense feeling, emotional arousal and internal drive and engagement in the pursuit that is salient to the self-identify of the entrepreneur. The positive affective state also generates positivity in the cognitive state fostering creativity and recognition of new patterns of information critical to opportunity recognition and exploitation in the external environment. Entrepreneurship, after all, is a science of turbulence and change, not continuity. Turbulence is caused by certain force. Such is the force in entrepreneurship, like the wind is felt but not seen; or seen through the ruffle of the leaves but not the wind itself. To address this omission in this area of research, this paper will demonstrate that entrepreneurial energy can be better understood if examined through the lens of complexity and quantum science. The indeterminacy in uncertainties and chaos theories best describe the dynamically complex, fast, volatile, uncertain disrupted, diverse, ambiguous, hyper-turbulent and hyperconnected entrepreneurial ecosystem. This paper contributes to entrepreneurship research by developing a complexity-based and uncertainty-based definition of entrepreneurial energy. This energy will be referred in the context of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (space) where the entrepreneurs (object) exist over time. Building on this definition, this paper connects the research on entrepreneur to venture-level complexity and entrepreneurial multi-finalities/ pathways. This paper will explore how these force originates and is sustained- that will influence entrepreneurial emergence and continuation- from intentionality of entrepreneurs and the coherence of entrepreneurial activities, through to the exploration and exploitation of perceived opportunities within the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Beyond developing the theory, this paper will also explore how scholars can further examine entrepreneurial energy as a complex play of forces through interpretivist methods. The theorizations in this paper also have implications for entrepreneurs and policymakers.

Entrepreneurial Energy in a Far-From-Equilibrium Opportunity Driving Entrepreneurial Actions.

10.31124/advance.13363421.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David Leong

Keyword(s):

Affective State ◽

Cognitive State ◽

Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽

John Maynard Keynes ◽

Animal Spirits ◽

Fostering Creativity ◽

Entrepreneurial Action ◽

Quantum Science ◽

The Effect of Human–Horse Interactions on Equine Behaviour, Physiology, and Welfare: A Scoping Review

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11102782 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2782

Author(s):

Katherine Jennifer Kelly ◽

Laurie Anne McDuffee ◽

Kimberly Mears

Keyword(s):

Scoping Review ◽

Affective State ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Physiological Measures ◽

Human Interactions ◽

Permanent Effect ◽

Equine Welfare ◽

Equine Industry ◽

Negative Affective State

Human–horse interactions (HHIs) are diverse and prominent in the equine industry. Stakeholders have an invested interest in making sure that HHIs are humane. Assessment of equine welfare goes beyond physical health and includes assessment of the emotional state of the animal. HHIs can have a permanent effect on human–horse relationships, thereby influencing welfare. Therefore, an understanding of the horse’s affective state during HHIs is necessary. A scoping review was conducted to: (1) map current practices related to the measurement of HHIs; (2) explore the known effects of HHIs on horse behaviour and physiology; and (3) clarify the connection between HHIs and equine welfare. A total of 45 articles were included in this review. Studies that used both physiological and behavioural measures of equine response to human interactions accounted for 42% of the included studies. A further 31% exclusively used physiological measures and 27% used behavioural observation. Current evidence of equine welfare during HHIs is minimal and largely based on the absence of a negative affective state during imposed interactions. Broadening the scope of methods to evaluate a positive affective state and standardization of methodology to assess these states would improve the overall understanding of the horse’s welfare during HHIs.

Animal Spirits, Persistent Unemployment, and the Belief Function

Rethinking Expectations ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691155234.003.0008 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roger E. A. Farmer

Keyword(s):

Unemployment Rate ◽

Phillips Curve ◽

Belief Function ◽

New Keynesian ◽

Monetary Model ◽

Posterior Odds ◽

John Maynard Keynes ◽

Animal Spirits ◽

Keynesian Model ◽

Fiscal And Monetary Policy

This chapter examines the persistence of unemployment by drawing from John Maynard Keynes' two central ideas. The first idea is that any unemployment rate can persist as an equilibrium. The second is that the unemployment rate that prevails is determined by animal spirits. The chapter introduces a three-equation monetary model termed “Farmer monetary model,” which replaces the New Keynesian Phillips curve with a belief function that describes how agents form expectations of future nominal income. The chapter builds and estimates the Farmer monetary model using U.S. data for the period from the first quarter of 1952 to the fourth quarter of 2007. It compares the Farmer monetary model to a New Keynesian model by computing the posterior odds ratio. It shows that the posterior odds favor the Farmer monetary model and concludes by discussing the implications of this finding for fiscal and monetary policy.

Effect of Morphine Administration on Social and Non-Social Play Behaviour in Calves

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9020056 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mhairi Sutherland ◽

Gemma Worth ◽

Catherine Cameron ◽

Else Verbeek

Keyword(s):

Intravenous Injection ◽

Affective State ◽

Social Play ◽

Play Behaviour ◽

Morphine Administration ◽

Arena Test

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of morphine on social and non‐socialplay behaviour in calves. Twelve calves experienced four treatments in a cross over 2 × 2 factorialdesign: Calves received an intravenous injection of morphine or saline 10 min prior to being testedindividually or in pairs in an arena for 20 min. Play behaviour was continuously recorded in thearena test. Lying times were recorded in the home pen. Cortisol concentrations were measuredbefore and after testing. In the arena test, calves given morphine tended to perform more social playevents than calves given saline, however, morphine administration had no effect on locomotor play.Calves given morphine spent less time lying than calves given saline during the first 4 h afterreturning to the home pen. Cortisol concentrations were suppressed in calves given morphine.Administration of morphine appeared to increase social play but had no effect on locomotor playin calves. This study highlights the importance of investigating different aspects of play behaviourin animals as some may be more indicative of a positive affective state than others. More studiesinvestigating the effects of morphine on play are needed to confirm the results found in this study.

Positive Psychological Attributes and Entrepreneurial Intention and Action: The Moderating Role of Perceived Family Support

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2020.546745 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Martin Mabunda Baluku ◽

Julius Fred Kikooma ◽

Kathleen Otto ◽

Cornelius J. König ◽

Nida ul Habib Bajwa

Keyword(s):

Family Support ◽

Parental Support ◽

Perceived Control ◽

Implementation Intentions ◽

Implementation Intention ◽

Entrepreneurial Intention ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Psychological Attributes ◽

Entrepreneurial Action ◽

Recent research illustrates substantial gaps between entrepreneurial intentions and behavior. This is a challenge for entrepreneurship promotion interventions that have primarily focused on stimulating entrepreneurial intentions. However, extant literature suggests that implementation intentions enhance the likelihood of acting congruently to the behavioral intention. Furthermore, theory also suggests the condition effects of situations and the perceived control over them. We therefore hypothesized that implementation intentions mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and action, while perceived family support moderates the movement from implementation intention to entrepreneurial action. Using two-wave survey data from a sample of students at an African university, we measured two psychological attributes (proactive personality and psychological capital) as important precursors of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions present before undertaking an innovations and entrepreneurship course. Implementation intentions regarding entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial actions, and perceived parental support for entrepreneurial activities were also measured 2 weeks after completion of the course. Our results demonstrate support for the proposed moderated double mediation model in which the effects of the two psychological attributes on entrepreneurial actions are explained via entrepreneurial intentions and implementation intentions. We further find moderation effects of perceived family support indicating that implementation intentions more likely predicted entrepreneurial actions in cases of higher family support.

Investigation of influence of growing pigs’ positive affective state on behavioral and physiological parameters using structural equation modeling

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Katja L Krugmann ◽

Farina J Mieloch ◽

Joachim Krieter ◽

Irena Czycholl

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Latent Variable ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Affective State ◽

Body Language ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Behavioral Tests ◽

Fattening Pigs

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the primarily positive affective state of fattening pigs influences various behavioral and physiological parameters such as the pigs’ playing behavior, way of behaving in behavioral tests, body language signals, or diameter, and astroglia cell numbers of hippocampi, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) content, or salivary protein composition. Additionally, the suitability of the variables mentioned was examined to assess the pigs’ positive affective state in practice, which still constitutes a latent variable not itself measurable. For this, a dataset including behavioral and physiological data of 60 fattening pigs from 3 different farms with different housing systems was analyzed by the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. A hierarchical component model (HCM) was used including the pigs’ positive affective state as a higher-order component (HOC) and the behavioral and physiological parameters as lower-order components (LOC). Playing behavior, body language signals, and behavioral tests were revealed, in this order, to be most influenced by the pigs’ positive affective state since these resulted in the corresponding path coefficients (PC) of PC = 0.83, PC = 0.79, and PC = 0.62, respectively. Additionally moderate and weak R2-values occurred for the endogenous latent variables playing behavior (R2 = 69.8%), body language signals (R2 = 62.7%), and behavioral tests (R2 = 39.5%). Furthermore, the indicator of the “locomotor play” showed the highest indicator reliability (IR) (IR = 0.85) to estimate the latent variable of pigs’ positive affective state. The results of the present study supplement the comprehension and assessment of the pigs’ positive affective state in general.

Análise sobre ação empreendedora e políticas públicas no APL moveleiro de UBÁ, MG

Revista de Administração da UFSM ◽

10.5902/198346592345 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 230-244

Author(s):

Andréia Aparecida Albino ◽

Afonso Augusto Teixeira de Freitas de Carvalho Lima ◽

Sebastião Décio Coimbra de Souza ◽

Ricardo Roberto Behr ◽

Ronise Suzuki de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Public Policies ◽

Industrial Clusters ◽

Local Cluster ◽

Socio Economic Development ◽

Entrepreneurial Action ◽

Survey Interviews ◽

Based on recognized importance of industrial clusters for the socio-economic development of regions, this work presents a case study involving the evolution, discussions on the role of entrepreneurial activities and the influence of public policies on the development of the furniture cluster of Ubá, Minas Gerais. The methodology adopted included a survey, interviews with strategic actors of the cluster, and analysis comparative data. Preliminary results indicate that public policies had limited involvement in the emergence and development of APL, and indicate the need to investigate the diversity of patterns of business components of local cluster order to propose appropriate policies for each different type of companies. The main conclusion is that the key role in the genesis and development of the furniture cluster of Ubá was the entrepreneurial action of the local businessmen.

The use of ball pits and playpens in laboratory Lister Hooded male rats induces ultrasonic vocalisations indicating a more positive affective state and can reduce the welfare impacts of aversive procedures

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/00236772211065920 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 002367722110659

Author(s):

Justyna K Hinchcliffe ◽

Megan G Jackson ◽

Emma SJ Robinson

Keyword(s):

Emotional State ◽

Affective State ◽

Well Being ◽

Male Rats ◽

Research Quality ◽

Environmental Complexity ◽

Preclinical Research ◽

Laboratory Rats ◽

Rigorous Research ◽

Positive Affective State

The advancement and quality of science rely on research that is robust and unbiased in its experimental design, execution, analysis, and reproducibility. In preclinical research, a better understanding of animal emotions and refinement of their husbandry, housing, and handling are important goals in providing good animal welfare in a laboratory setting which underpins rigorous research quality. Induction of positive emotional state in animals is a key component of their well-being, and one approach is to increase their environmental complexity using, for example, ball pits or playpens in rats. In this study, we recorded 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) during animals’ exposure to the ball pit and playpen. We have previously shown that 50 kHz USVs provide a graded and quantifiable measure of an animal’s emotional state, and here find that access to the ball pit and playpen increases 50 kHz USVs, indicative of a more positive affective state. Using our affective bias test (ABT) we next quantified the animals’ emotional response to an aversive intervention and whether this could be attenuated by access to a playpen. The playpen exposure completely mitigated the negative affective state induced by an anxiogenic drug when compared with animals who experienced the drug in the home cage. Together, these findings suggest ball pits and playpens provide a simple and effective method to improve the welfare of laboratory rats and reduce the cumulative suffering they experience from their housing conditions and minor, aversive procedures.

Perception of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Testing the Actor–Observer Bias

The Journal of Entrepreneurship ◽

10.1177/0971355719851908 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 316-342

Author(s):

Mathew J. Manimala ◽

Princy Thomas ◽

P. K. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Economic Environment ◽

Point Scale ◽

Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽

Observer Bias ◽

Item Questionnaire ◽

Start Up ◽

The Mean ◽

Entrepreneurial Action

Entrepreneurial ecosystem is the interacting socio-economic environment that facilitates entrepreneurs to start and develop their enterprises. A vibrant and supportive entrepreneurial ecosystem is necessary for the start-up and growth of an enterprise. The entrepreneurial action would largely depend on the perception of entrepreneurs about the ecosystem. In this context, a study was designed to understand the perceptions of actors (entrepreneurs) and observers (non-entrepreneurs) on various components of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Data for this study were collected from 296 entrepreneurs and 315 non-entrepreneurs from India, who responded to a 77-item questionnaire by giving their ratings of various aspects of the ecosystem on a 5-point scale. Findings of the study showed that perceptions of the entrepreneurial ecosystem were significantly different for most of the subgroups. Most notable among these differences was those between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, where the mean scores on all dimensions were found to be significantly higher for non-entrepreneurs than for entrepreneurs except for entrepreneurial capability which was found to be higher for entrepreneurs. Hence, the hypothesis of actor–observer bias in the perceptions of entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs is supported.

Are Behavioral Tests Capable of Measuring Positive Affective States in Growing Pigs?

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9050274 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 274 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Katja Krugmann ◽

Farina Warnken ◽

Joachim Krieter ◽

Irena Czycholl

Keyword(s):

Affective State ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Behavioral Tests ◽

Affective States ◽

Novel Object ◽

Housing Systems ◽

Fattening Pigs

This study examined whether the human approach test (HAT) or novel object test (NOT), which are considered as suitable tests for assessing the level of fear or anxiety in animals, are suitable to detect a positive affective state in 297 fattening pigs from three different farms. The investigated farms consisted of a barren (farm 1, n = 160) and an enriched (farm 2, n = 106; farm 3, n = 31) husbandry. Each pig was subjected three times to the HAT and NOT during fattening (at the start, middle, and end of fattening). The pigs housed in the barren environment showed quicker approach latencies than the enriched-housed pigs (HAT: farm 1: 7.4 ± 1.1 s vs. farm 2: 57.1 ± 1.1 s, respectively, farm 3: 58.3 ± 1.3 s (end of fattening); NOT: farm 1: 4.5 ± 1.1 s vs. farm 2: 23.0 ± 1.1 s, respectively, farm 3: 9.0 ± 1.2 s (end of fattening)). The same pattern of behavior was observed for the duration of contacts in the HAT but not in the NOT (HAT: farm 1: 83.8 ± 1.1 s vs. farm 2: 6.3 ± 1.1 s, respectively, farm 3: 7.6 ± 1.3 s (end of fattening)). However, due to controversially discussed literature, it is difficult to conclude whether the described differences in the pigs’ behavior between the two housing systems might indicate useful indicators to detect their affective state.