implementation intention
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Bieleke ◽  
Eve Legrand ◽  
Astrid Mignon ◽  
Peter M Gollwitzer

Forming implementation intentions (i.e., if-then planning) is a powerful self-regulation strategy that enhances goal attainment by facilitating the automatic initiation of goal-directed responses upon encountering critical situations. Yet, little is known about the consequences of forming implementation intentions for goal attainment in situations that were not specified in the if-then plan. In three experiments, we assessed goal attainment in terms of speed and accuracy in an object classification task, focusing on situations that were similar or dissimilar to critical situations and required planned or different responses. The results of Experiments 1 and 3 provide evidence for a facilitation of planned responses in critical and in sufficiently similar situations, enhancing goal attainment when the planned response was required and impairing it otherwise. In Experiment 3, additional unfavorable effects however emerged in situations that were dissimilar to the critical one but required the planned response as well. We discuss theoretical implications as well as potential benefits and pitfalls emerging from these non-planned effects of forming implementation intentions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eya Torkhani ◽  
Emilie Dematte ◽  
Jean Slawinski ◽  
Antonia Csillik ◽  
Marie-Claire Gay ◽  
...  

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of psychological Interventions – Mindfulness or Implementation Intention – associated with a Physical Activity program, delivered via internet, in reducing Multiple Sclerosis symptoms.Method: Thirty-five adults were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: a Mindfulness-Based Intervention group (N = 12), Implementation Intention group (N = 11), and a Control Group (N = 12). All the groups received the same Physical Activity program. The Mindfulness condition group received daily training in the form of pre-recorded sessions while the Implementation group elaborated their specific plans once a week. Mobility, fatigue, and the impact of the disease on the patient’s life were measured. Two measurement times are carried out in pre-post intervention, at baseline and after eight weeks.Results: Overall, after 8 weeks intervention, results show that there was a significant increase in Walking distance in the three groups. In addition, the within-group analysis showed a statistically significant improvement between pre and post intervention on the physical component of the Disease Impact scale in the Implementation Intention group (p = 0.023) with large effect size, in the Mindfulness-Based Intervention group (p = 0.008) with a medium effect size and in the control group (p = 0.028) with small effect size. In the Implementation Intention group, all physical, psychosocial and cognitive Fatigue Impact subscales scores decreased significantly (p = 0.022, p = 0.023, and p = 0.012, respectively) and the physical component was statistically and negatively correlated (r = −0.745; p = 0.008) when Implementation Intention group practice a mild to moderate physical activity. In the Mindfulness-Based Intervention group, the physical component (MFIS) showed a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.028) but no correlation with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA); the control group outcomes did not reveal any significant change.Conclusion: The results of this study are very encouraging and show the feasibility of Mindfulness interventions associated with physical activity to improve the health of people with MS. Further study should assess Mindfulness interventions tailored to MS condition and using both hedonic and eudemonic measures of happiness.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hirsch ◽  
Maik Bieleke ◽  
Julia Schüler ◽  
Wanja Wolff

Top-level performance requires self-regulatory control to overcome different inner obstacles and to apply useful strategies. As for the importance of self-regulation, investigations have been conducted aiming at the efficacy of the self-regulatory strategy of implementation intentions (i.e., if-then plans) on athletic performance, an approach that combines obstacles (if) and goal-directed behaviors (then) to facilitate goal attainment. In this study, we investigated the inner obstacles that athletes face in competitive situations and assessed the goal-directed behaviors they use to deal with these obstacles in order to design effective interventions based on the framework of implementation intention theory. We elucidate inner obstacles and goal-directed behaviors of elite and youth level athletes with a self-designed questionnaire (Study 1). A reworded version of this questionnaire was used for assessing these research questions from a coaches’ perspective (Study 2). Thirty-four elite and youth level athletes (age: M = 23.7 ± 9.9 years) and 42 elite coaches (age: M = 50.2 ± 9.8 years) participated in both studies. Inner obstacles and goal-directed behaviors were analyzed with thematic analyses. The most frequently named inner obstacles were dealing with demanding situations, pressure, and concentration, while the most frequently stated goal-directed behaviors with these obstacles were preparation, self-encouragement, and relaxation (athletes) and concentration (coaches). The results of these studies illustrate the multiple challenges elite and youth level cycling athletes face and provide important insights for sportpsychological research with implementation intentions regarding plan structure and content.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0259088
Author(s):  
Anna Hirsch ◽  
Maik Bieleke ◽  
Raphael Bertschinger ◽  
Julia Schüler ◽  
Wanja Wolff

Endurance sports pose a plethora of mental demands that exercisers have to deal with. Unfortunately, investigations of exercise-specific demands and strategies to deal with them are insufficiently researched, leading to a gap in knowledge about athletic requirements and strategies used to deal with them. Here, we investigated which obstacles exercisers experience during an anaerobic (Wingate test) and an aerobic cycling test (incremental exercise test), as well as the strategies they considered helpful for dealing with these obstacles (qualitative analysis). In addition, we examined whether thinking of these obstacles and strategies in terms of if-then plans (or implementation intentions; i.e., “If I encounter obstacle O, then I will apply strategy S!”) improves performance over merely setting performance goals (i.e., goal intentions; quantitative analysis). N = 59 participants (age: M = 23.9 ± 6.5 years) performed both tests twice in a 2-within (Experimental session: 1 vs. 2) × 2-between (Condition: goal vs. implementation intention) design. Exercisers’ obstacles and strategies were assessed using structured interviews in Session 1 and subjected to thematic analysis. In both tests, feelings of exertion were the most frequently stated obstacle. Motivation to do well, self-encouragement, and focus on the body and on cycling were frequently stated strategies in both tests. There were also test-specific obstacles, such as boredom reported in the aerobic test. For session 2, the obstacles and strategies elicited in Session 1 were used to specify if-then plans. Bayesian mixed-factor ANOVA suggests, however, that if-then plans did not help exercisers to improve their performance. These findings shed novel light into the mental processes accompanying endurance exercise and the limits they pose on performance.


Author(s):  
Matthew Brittain ◽  
Nathan Consedine ◽  
Kathleen L. Bagot ◽  
Natalia Booth ◽  
Simone N. Rodda

AbstractBackground and aimsSugar is a potentially addictive substance that is consumed in such high levels the World Health Organisation has set recommended consumption limits. To date there are no empirically tested brief interventions for reducing sugar consumption in adult populations. The current study aimed to preliminarily assess the feasibility of recruitment, retention, and intervention engagement and impact of a brief intervention.MethodsThis pre-post study recruited 128 adults from New Zealand to complete a 30-day internet-delivered intervention with in-person and email coaching. The intervention components were derived from implementation intention principles whereby the gap between intention and behaviour was targeted. Participants selected sugar consumption goals aligned with WHO recommendations by gender. To meet these goals, participants developed action plans and coping plans and engaged in self-monitoring. Facilitation was provided by a coach to maintain retention and treatment adherence over the 30 days.ResultsIntervention materials were rated as very useful and participants were mostly satisfied with the program. The total median amount of sugar consumed at baseline was 1,662.5 g (396 teaspoons per week) which was reduced to 362.5 g (86 teaspoons) at post-intervention evaluation (d = 0.83). The intervention was associated with large effects on reducing cravings (d = 0.59) and psychological distress (d = 0.68) and increasing situational self-efficacy (d = 0.92) and well-being (d = 0.68) with a reduction in BMI (d = 0.51).ConclusionThis feasibility study indicates that a brief intervention delivering goal setting, implementation planning, and self-monitoring may assist people to reduce sugar intake to within WHO recommendations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9027
Author(s):  
Julia Stössel ◽  
Rebecca Baumann ◽  
Elisabeth Wegner

Recently, the German state of Baden-Württemberg included ESD as a guiding perspective for all school curricula. Consequently, teacher education needs to empower and motivate student teachers to implement ESD in schools. In previous ESD research, however, the motivational dimension rarely has been investigated. Psychological theories stress the importance of developing an intention for the actual realization of a behavior. Therefore, we investigated, in an online survey (N = 366), which factors influence student teachers’ ESD implementation intention. Furthermore, we investigated how student teachers understand the guiding perspectives and what influences the actual ESD implementation from the respondents’ point of view. Via structural equation modelling, we found direct effects of subjective task value, expectation of success and ESD knowledge, as well as indirect effects of SD attitudes and ESD implementation beliefs on ESD implementation intention, but no effects for subjective norm and perceived costs. Analyses of open answers revealed complex understandings of ESD, but also misinterpretations mainly in terms of ESD as equivalent to environmental education. Furthermore, student teachers expected barriers (e.g., lack of time) and formulated support needs (e.g., teaching material) for implementing ESD in schools. Our findings stress the importance of advancing ESD implementation in teacher education.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (34) ◽  
pp. 324-333
Author(s):  
Andressa Teoli Nunciaroni ◽  
Rúbia De Freitas Agondi ◽  
Roberta Cunha Matheus Rodrigues ◽  
Maria Cecília Beuno Jayme Gallani

Os objetivos deste estudo são apresentar os planos de ação e de enfrentamento de obstáculos para reduzir o consumo de sal elaborados por pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca e seu referente social; descrever a avaliação da experiência dos pacientes. Estudo de intervenção, qualitativo. Os pacientes foram aleatorizados em grupos Individual (n=15) e Colaborativo (n=13) e elaboraram planos de ação e de enfretamento de obstáculos para a redução do consumo de sal em consulta de enfermagem (T0); reforçados presencialmente 30 dias depois (T1); e por telefone 15 e 45 dias após T0. Foi utilizado debriefing para avaliar a experiência dos pacientes (n=15). O principal plano de ação corresponde à separação de uma colher de chá de sal/dia. Estratégias de enfrentamento incluíram apoio do referente social e aumento do uso de temperos naturais. A intervenção foi considerada fácil e útil. A Ativação da Intenção contribui para o rompimento de hábitos relacionados ao consumo de sal nesta população.Descritores: Enfermagem, Insuficiência Cardíaca, Comportamento Alimentar, Dieta Hipossódica. Activation of the intention to reduce salt consumption among patients with heart failure: a qualitative studyAbstract: The objectives of this study are to present the action and coping plans to reduce salt intake developed by patients with Heart Failure and their social referent; to describe patients' experience evaluation. Intervention research, qualitative. Patients were randomized into Individual (n=15) and Collaborative (n=13) groups and developed action and coping plans to reduce salt consumption in nursing consultations (T0); reinforced in person 30 days later (T1); and by telephone 15 and 45 days after T0. Debriefing was used to assess patients' experience (n=15). The main action plan corresponds to separation of one teaspoon of salt/day. Coping strategies included social referent support and increased use of natural spices. The intervention was considered easy and useful. The Implementation Intention contributes to the breaking of habits related to salt consumption in this population.Descriptors: Nursing, Heart Failure, Feeding Behavior, Diet, Sodium-Restricted. Activación de la Intención para reducción el consumo de la sal en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca: un estudio cualitativoResumen: Los objetivos de este estudio son presentar los planes de acción y afrontamiento para reducir el consumo de la sal elabordos por pacientes con Insuficiencia Cardíaca y su referente social; describir la evaluación de la experiencia de los pacientes. Investigación de intervención, cualitativa. Los pacientes fueron aleatorizados en grupos individuales (n=15) y colaborativos (n=13) y desarrollaron planes de acción y de afrontamiento para reducir el consumo de sal en las consultas de enfermería (T0); reforzados presencialmente unos 30 días después (T1); y por teléfono 15 y 45 días después del T0. Se utilizó el debriefing para evaluar la experiencia de los pacientes (n=15). El principal plan de acción corresponde a la separación de una cucharadita de sal/día. Las estrategias de afrontamiento incluyeron el apoyo de referentes sociales y un mayor uso de especias naturales. La intervención se consideró fácil y útil. La Activación de la Intención contribuye a la ruptura de hábitos relacionados con el consumo de la sal en esta población.Descriptores: Enfermería, Insuficiencia Cardíaca, Conducta Alimentaria, Dieta Hiposódica.


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