The influence of artificial selection on wing spot sizes, and the relationship between forewing and hindwing spots in the Meadow Brown Butterfly Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758), ssp. cassiteridum Graves, 1930 ab. anticrassipuncta Leeds, 1950 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
Rupert Barrington
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Maniola Jurtina ◽  
The Relationship

Four generations of butterflies were reared from two female Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) with enlarged apical spots (ab. anticrassipuncta Leeds, 1950) captured on St Mary's, Isles of Scilly, UK in 2013. The aim was to see how far this character could be developed through inbreeding. Previous work by Brakefield & van Noordwijk (1985) has looked at the relationship between forewing and hindwing spotting. The specimens retained from this experiment offered an opportunity to assess the correlation between the forewing spot size, additional forewing spots and hindwing spot size and number. A correlation was found between the area of the forewing spot and the number of additional spots, on both forewings and hindwings. A correlation was also found between the area of the apical spot and the summed area of all hindwing spots. However, when apical spot size was tested against an individual hindwing spot, a correlation in size was found in the male, but this was of far lower value in the female.

The relationship between facial whorl direction and sidedness in ridden horses

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
H. Randle ◽  
E. Elworthy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Facial Hair ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The influence of Natural Selection on the evolution of the horse (Equus callabus) is minimal due to its close association with humans. Instead Artificial Selection is commonly imposed through selection for features such as a ‘breed standard’ or competitive ability. It has long been considered to be useful if indicators of characteristics such as physical ability could be identified. Kidd (1902) suggested that the hair coverings of animals were closely related to their lifestyle, whether they were active or passive. In 1973 Smith and Gong concluded that hair whorl (trichloglyph) pattern and human behaviour is linked since hair patterning is determined at the same time as the brain develops in the foetus. More recently Grandin et al. (1995), Randle (1998) and Lanier et al. (2001) linked features of facial hair whorls to behaviour and production in cattle. Hair whorl features have also been related to temperament in equines (Randle et al., 2003).

scholarly journals CT image quality influence on different material Edge Response Functions for accurate metrological applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 1193 (1) ◽  
pp. 012064
Author(s):  
I Holgado ◽  
J Iglesias ◽  
N Ortega ◽  
S Plaza ◽  
A Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Ct Measurements ◽  
Aluminium Copper ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Ct Image Quality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ct Measurement ◽  
Edge Response

Abstract The main objective of the proposed work was to analyse the influence of magnification and focal spot size scan settings on X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements results under commercial threshold-based algorithms. The relationship between spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in CT scans of different materials and the accuracy of the resulting CT measurement results is discussed. For that purpose, Aluminium, Copper, Inconel 718 and Titanium disk phantoms were scanned. Preliminary measurements showed that deviations can increase up to 0.48% when the scanning magnification was increased while, for a given magnification, the decrease of a focus size from 1mm to 0.4mm slightly improves the differences up to 0.15%, being negligible at low magnifications. Unsharpness (U T ) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for each scanning conditions according to standard ASTM E1695 – 20. A new image quality indicator that includes the combined effect of the U T and CNR was proposed in order to relate measurement error with the image quality. The indicator proves that the influence of CNR is much higher than influence of U T on the CT measurements.

Radiographic X-Ray Spot Size Measurement With Bread Piece

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Gao ◽  
Zhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Line Source ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Pinhole Camera ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Relationship

The principle of radiographic X-ray spot size measurement with Bread piece was presented. The output responses of the Bread piece for uniformly-distributed X-ray sources are calculated numerically. The relationship between FWHM of the response curve and the spot size is obtained. Preliminary experiments were performed on the inductive voltage adder (IVA), and the Bread piece is used to measure the axial spot size of the rod-pinch diode (RPD) radiographic source. Under the hypothesis of uniformly-distributed line source, the axial spot size value is obtained, consistent with the measuring result of the pinhole camera, verifying the applicability of the Bread piece for radiographic X-ray spot size measurement.

scholarly journals Acoustic Divergence in Domestic Horses

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Stepanka Holeckova ◽  
Richard Policht
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Discrimination Analysis ◽  
Wilks Lambda ◽  
Domestic Horses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract We tested whether pronounced morphological variability of horses caused by artificial selection was followed also by variation in their vocalization. We compared whinnies of 10 breeds representing horse varieties both in morphology and history using discrimination analyses (Wilks´ lambda = 0.070). Whinnies of Shetland pony were the most distinct from calls of other breeds (74.1% classification success). This result is in agreement with distinction based on morphological features. Whinnies of the primitive Hucul horse belonged among the most correctly classified ones (73.5%). Classification results of both Old Kladruby horse colour forms were very different: whinnies of the grey form revealed the least successful classification (18.9%) whilst calls of the black form showed one of the best classification outputs (72.4%). A surprising result was the extreme vocal distinction between the heaviest breeds, confirmed by discrimination analysis, the Czech-Moravian Belgian (55.5%), and Silesian Noriker (51.4%). This finding was contrary to their morphological similarity. The relationship between morphological and acoustical variables revealed a significant correlation (r ˂ -0.57). Our results did not confirm the hypothesis of acoustic distinction in horse breeds based simply on their morphology. However, whinnies of an old breed, the Shetland pony, were the most distinct ones from all the others. The other old breeds, the Thoroughbred and the Old Kladruby horses, clustered together with the modern Czech warmblood. Our results seem to not confirm the second hypothesis of vocal distinction based on the length of time since establishment of the respective breed. Significant differences among horse breeds indicate the process of vocal distinction during the process of artificial selection.

The use of STEM microdiffraction for the study of misorientation between subgrains

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
M. D. Ball ◽  
P. L. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Subgrain Structure ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Thin Region ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
The Relationship

While there have been studies of the relationship between misorientation in worked structures and the development of recrystallisation nuclei, most have lacked accuracy owing to the positional uncertainty of selected area diffraction. However the fine electron probe forming capability required for STEM operation enables diffraction information to be obtained from regions of the order of 20 nm or less in diameter. We have applied this technique to an examination of recrystallisation in situ, where the early stages of grain development are arrested by the presence of particles.The microdiffraction studies were carried out on specimens prepared from an Al-6% Ni alloy which had been given various rolling and annealing treatments. A JEOL JEM 100C/ASID-4D electron microscope was used in the STEM mode with the operating conditions such that the spot size was about 20 nm with a beam divergence of 10-3 rad.For each of the specimens studied, a suitably thin region with a typical subgrain structure was selected and photographed.

Analysis of Influence of Beam Expender Parameters on Coupling Efficiency of Single Mode Fiber Used in Lidar

2013 ◽  
Vol 552 ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Jiang Sheng ◽  
Jian Dong Mao ◽  
Xue Sheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Coupling Efficiency ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Single Mode Fiber ◽  
Propagation Theory ◽  
Laser Propagation ◽  
Theoretical Function ◽  
Spot Radius ◽  
Numerical Computing ◽  
The Relationship

Based on theoretical analysis, the beam expender used in all fiber lidar with a coupling efficiency of single mode fiber (SMF) is investigated. Some numerical computations are carried out and following results are obtained. For all fiber lidar in order to get the maximum coupling efficiency on SMF, the relationship between the distance d, ranged from the secondary to primary lens of the beam expender, and the laser waist spot location l, which is at a distance from the secondary lens of beam expender are obtained. And also the relationship between l and the measurable bandwidth is analyzed. Under the condition that if the laser location is certain and the imagine spot location is infinite, with adjusting the distance d which can make the image spot size obtain its minimum, the maximum coupling efficiency about 70.6% is got and the adjusting range of d has only 0.2~0.9mm. Assuming that the image spot distance is infinite, and the minimum of spot radius is got after the laser waist spot goes through the beam expender, the function between d and l is retrieved by use of laser propagation theory. By comparing the theoretical curve with the computing one, the theoretical function agrees with the numerical computing curve approximately. These conclusions have the important directive significance for design of all fiber Lidar.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document