scholarly journals Network models of learning and cognition in typical and atypical learners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Mareva ◽  
Joni Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Struggling Learners ◽  
Academic Tasks ◽  
School Population ◽  
Academic Supports ◽  
Learning And Cognition ◽  
General School ◽  
Age Range

Mutualistic theories suggest that the mastering of a skill, either cognitive or academic, supports and amplifies the development of other such abilities. A mutualistic network framework was applied to map the interrelations between identical cognitive and academic tasks in two age-matched developmental cohorts (age range 8 to 18). One cohort was drawn from the general school population and the other included struggling learners (N= 350 per cohort). The community sample outperformed the struggling learners across all cognitive and academic tests, yet tasks were similarly interrelated across groups. Some differences in association strength were also observed: academic skills were more closely coupled in typical relative to struggling learners, while maths was more strongly related to cognitive skills in the struggling learners.

Classroom Performance and Social Factors of Children With Birth Weights of 1,250 Grams or Less: Follow-up at 5 to 8 Years of Age

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Betty Lou Eilers ◽  
Nirmala S. Desai ◽  
Melissa A. Wilson ◽  
M. Douglas Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Grade Level ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Classroom Performance ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Older Mothers ◽  
School Population ◽  
General School ◽  
Long Term Survivors

Of 43 long-term survivors with birth weights of 1,250 g or less, 33 were compared with peers and school-aged siblings for educational levels and needs. Of the 33 children in school, three (9.1%) were in classes for children with major handicaps, whereas 30 (90.9%) were found to be comparable to their classmates by teachers and/or test scores, but 14 (47%) were receiving remedial instruction to perform at grade level. Of 13 children with school-aged siblings, three required more hours of assistance by specialized teaching staff than their siblings. The group without the need for specialized teaching staff had older mothers and tended to reside in higher socioeconomic households. Overall, our children with birth weights of 1,250 g or less (51.5%) required more special education efforts than the general school population (24.1%), thereby enabling most to compare favorably with their peers.

scholarly journals Subtyping psychological distress in the population: a semi-parametric network approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. de Vos ◽  
S. Patten ◽  
E. C. Wit ◽  
E. H. Bos ◽  
K. J. Wardenaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Network Density ◽  
Parametric Network ◽  
Distress Scale ◽  
Non Parametric

Abstract Aims The mechanisms underlying both depressive and anxiety disorders remain poorly understood. One of the reasons for this is the lack of a valid, evidence-based system to classify persons into specific subtypes based on their depressive and/or anxiety symptomatology. In order to do this without a priori assumptions, non-parametric statistical methods seem the optimal choice. Moreover, to define subtypes according to their symptom profiles and inter-relations between symptoms, network models may be very useful. This study aimed to evaluate the potential usefulness of this approach. Methods A large community sample from the Canadian general population (N = 254 443) was divided into data-driven clusters using non-parametric k-means clustering. Participants were clustered according to their (co)variation around the grand mean on each item of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Next, to evaluate cluster differences, semi-parametric network models were fitted in each cluster and node centrality indices and network density measures were compared. Results A five-cluster model was obtained from the cluster analyses. Network density varied across clusters, and was highest for the cluster of people with the lowest K10 severity ratings. In three cluster networks, depressive symptoms (e.g. feeling depressed, restless, hopeless) had the highest centrality. In the remaining two clusters, symptom networks were characterised by a higher prominence of somatic symptoms (e.g. restlessness, nervousness). Conclusion Finding data-driven subtypes based on psychological distress using non-parametric methods can be a fruitful approach, yielding clusters of persons that differ in illness severity as well as in the structure and strengths of inter-symptom relationships.

scholarly journals A Neuropsychological Approach of Developmental Dyscalculia and a Screening Test Via a Web Application

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Christos Zygouris ◽  
Filippos Vlachos ◽  
Antonios N. Dadaliaris ◽  
Panagiotis Oikonomou ◽  
Georgios I Stamoulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Research Protocol ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Developmental Dyscalculia ◽  
Mathematical Abilities ◽  
Age Range

Traditional definitions of Developmental Dyscalculia state that a child must substantially underachieve on mathematical abilities tests relative to the level expected given age, education and intelligence. However, cognitive developmental neuropsychological studies nowadays suggest that not only core numerical but also cognitive skills of children with developmental dyscalculia present deficits. The main aim of the research protocol was to construct a battery of six tests that can be delivered by computer in order to screen children’s arithmetic and cognitive skills. The hypothesis of the study was that children that are already diagnosed by paper and pencil tests as dyscalculic will present lower scores and larger time latencies not only in arithmetical but also in executive function tasks. A total of 134 right handed children (74 male and 60 female, age range 8 – 12 years) participated in this study. The students with disorders in mathematics (N= 67, 37 male and 30 female age range 8 – 12 years M= 10.15 SD=1.10) had a statement of dyscalculia after assessment at a Centre of Diagnosis, Assessment and Support, as it is required by Greek Law. A comparison group without any learning disabilities was individually matched with the dyscalculic group according to age, sex and grade (N=67, 37 male and 30 female, age range 8 – 12 years old, M=10.24 SD=1.12). Statistical analysis revealed that children with dyscalculia had statistically significant lower mean scores of correct answers and larger time latencies in all tasks compared to their average peers that participated in the comparison group.`

Evidence for a General ADHD Factor from a Longitudinal General School Population Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Normand ◽  
David B. Flora ◽  
Maggie E. Toplak ◽  
Rosemary Tannock
Keyword(s):  
Population Study ◽  
School Population ◽  
General School

scholarly journals No Evidence of Causal Effects of Blood Pressure on Cognition in the Population at Large

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Suzanne C. Swagerman ◽  
Elsje van Bergen ◽  
Kees-Jan Kan ◽  
Marinka M. G. Koenis ◽  
Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Emotion Identification ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Causal Nature ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Age Range

The large body of literature on the association between blood pressure (BP) and cognitive functioning has yielded mixed results, possibly due to the presence of non-linear effects across age, or because BP affects specific brain areas differently, impacting more on some cognitive skills than on others. If a robust association was detected among BP and specific cognitive tasks, the causal nature of reported associations between BP and cognition could be investigated in twin data, which allow a test of alternative explanations, including genetic pleiotropy. The present study first examines the association between BP and cognition in a sample of 1,140 participants with an age range between 10 and 86 years. Linear and quadratic effects of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) on cognitive functioning were examined for 17 tests across five functions. Associations were corrected for effects of sex and linear and quadratic effects of age. Second, to test a causal model, data from 123 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were analyzed to test whether cognitive functioning of the twins with the higher BP was different from that of the co-twins with lower BP. Associations between BP and cognitive functioning were absent for the majority of the cognitive tests, with the exception of a lower speed of emotion identification and verbal reasoning in subjects with high diastolic BP. In the MZ twin pair analyses, no effects of BP on cognition were found. We conclude that in the population at large, BP level is not associated with cognitive functioning in a clinically meaningful way.

scholarly journals Peran Keluarga Terhadap Perilaku Mahasiswa yang Mengkonsumsi Minuman Beralkohol di Kabupaten Jember

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Nina Ainur Rahma ◽  
Husni Abdul Gani ◽  
Mury Ririyanti
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Depth Interviews

Adolescents in the age range of 17-21 years are generally students, who are expected to have good cognitive skills and be able to solve problems effectively. Teenagers who are unable to solve problems sometimes do something that is harmful to themselves such as consuming alcoholic beverages. The role of the family such as parenting and family conditions is one of the causes of adolescents consuming alcoholic beverages. This study aims to determine the role of families in the behavior of students who consume alcoholic beverages in Jember Regency. The theory used by researchers is Social Learning from Bandura. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Determination of research informants using snowball techniques. Data collection uses in-depth interviews, documentation and passive participatory observation. Based on the results of the study it was found that the all-free parenting style, lack of trust given by parents to involve children in making decisions and ineffective time spent by parents for families so that children behave deviant.  Keywords: Family, teenagers, alcoholic drinks, social learning

Assessment of Psychopathic Traits in Children and Adolescents

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bijttebier ◽  
Stef Decoene
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Antisocial Process Screening Device ◽  
Screening Device ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Childhood Psychopathy ◽  
Internalizing Problem

The study examined the reliability and validity of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) and the Childhood Psychopathy Scale (CPS) in a community sample of 182 Flemish adolescents in the age range of 9 to 19 years. Data were gathered by means of parent, teacher, and self-report, and the factor structure was examined by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistencies of the resulting scales and associations with measures of disruptive behavior disorders and internalizing problem behaviors were explored. Results confirmed the underlying a priori structure of both APSD and CPS.

scholarly journals The Reliability and Validity of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire in Eating Disorder and Community Samples

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Egan ◽  
Roz Shafran ◽  
Michelle Lee ◽  
Christopher G. Fairburn ◽  
Zafra Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Reading Level ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Age Range ◽  
And Control ◽  
Acceptable Internal Consistency

Background: Clinical perfectionism is a risk and maintaining factor for anxiety disorders, depression and eating disorders. Aims: The aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the 12-item Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ). Method: The research involved two samples. Study 1 comprised a nonclinical sample (n = 206) recruited via the internet. Study 2 comprised individuals in treatment for an eating disorder (n = 129) and a community sample (n = 80). Results: Study 1 factor analysis results indicated a two-factor structure. The CPQ had strong correlations with measures of perfectionism and psychopathology, acceptable internal consistency, and discriminative and incremental validity. The results of Study 2 suggested the same two-factor structure, acceptable internal consistency, and construct validity, with the CPQ discriminating between the eating disorder and control groups. Readability was assessed as a US grade 4 reading level (student age range 9–10 years). Conclusions: The findings provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the CPQ in a clinical eating disorder and two separate community samples. Although further research is required the CPQ has promising evidence as a reliable and valid measure of clinical perfectionism.

Filoso a Entre el Parvulario y la Primaria (De 5 a 7 años)

1998 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Irene de Puig ◽  
Angélica Sátiro
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Research Translation ◽  
Philosophy For Children ◽  
Classroom Experience ◽  
Intellectual Skills ◽  
Age Range

Philosophy and Narrative’ is a program designed for five to seven-year-old children. It is intended to exercise basic intellectual skills in a dialogic way, as does the ‘Philosophy for Children’ curriculum. Using The Jolly Postman, a stimulating tale by the English authors A. and J. Ahlberg, as a basis, de Puig has prepared a manual entitled Cuentos para pensar (Tales for Thinking) which comprises a series of resources ordered and adapted to the text and the needs of the curriculum for this age range. This sequentially ordered manual includes a number of popular tales as well as exercises and activities that engage various cognitive skills such as reasoning, research, translation and conceptualization. So far, our classroom experience with these materials has been highly satisfactory. Teachers and children enjoy working with them, creating many activities and engaging in new experiences.

scholarly journals Networks of stress, affect and eating behaviour: anticipated stress coping predicts goal-congruent eating in young adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Pannicke ◽  
Tim Kaiser ◽  
Julia Reichenberger ◽  
Jens Blechert
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Age Range

Abstract Background Many people aim to eat healthily. Yet, affluent food environments encourage consumption of energy dense and nutrient-poor foods, making it difficult to accomplish individual goals such as maintaining a healthy diet and weight. Moreover, goal-congruent eating might be influenced by affects, stress and intense food cravings and might also impinge on these in turn. Directionality and interrelations of these variables are currently unclear, which impedes targeted intervention. Psychological network models offer an exploratory approach that might be helpful to identify unique associations between numerous variables as well as their directionality when based on longitudinal time-series data. Methods Across 14 days, 84 diet-interested participants (age range: 18–38 years, 85.7% female, mostly recruited via universities) reported their momentary states as well as retrospective eating episodes four times a day. We used multilevel vector autoregressive network models based on ecological momentary assessment data of momentary affects, perceived stress and stress coping, hunger, food craving as well as goal-congruent eating behaviour. Results Neither of the momentary measures of stress (experience of stress or stress coping), momentary affects or craving uniquely predicted goal-congruent eating. Yet, temporal effects indicated that higher anticipated stress coping predicted subsequent goal-congruent eating. Thus, the more confident participants were in their coping with upcoming challenges, the more they ate in line with their goals. Conclusion Most eating behaviour interventions focus on hunger and craving alongside negative and positive affect, thereby overlooking additional important variables like stress coping. Furthermore, self-regulation of eating behaviours seems to be represented by how much someone perceives a particular eating episode as matching their individual eating goal. To conclude, stress coping might be a potential novel intervention target for eating related Just-In-Time Adaptive Interventions in the context of intensive longitudinal assessment.

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