scholarly journals Targeting the CD73-adenosine axis in COVID-19 immunotherapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abouelkhair
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Therapy ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Immune Therapies ◽  
Pharmacologic Inhibitors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Important Therapeutic Target

The most serious health issue today is the rapid outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2). It is now a global pandemic and is a huge concern for public health. So far, more than 3,500,000 confirmed cases were diagnosed in nearly 212 countries and territories around the world and 2 international conveyances, causing globally over 250,000 deaths. Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients have been identified but the factors influencing the immune system against COVID-19 have not been well established. Currently, the adenosine pathway is seen as a major obstacle to the efficacy of immune therapies and is an important therapeutic target for cancer and microbial infections. Pharmacologic inhibitors or antibodies specific to adenosine pathway components or adenosine receptors in microbial and tumor therapy have shown efficacy in pre-clinical studies and are entering the clinical arena. In this review, I propose a novel hypothesis explaining the potential for improving the efficiency of innate and adaptive immune systems by co-inhibition of CD73 and A2AR adenosine Signaling for COVID-19 prevention and control.

Vitamin D and COVID-19: Insight on Mechanism and Implementation in Equatorial Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Indah Bachti Setyarini ◽  
Nurul Ratna ◽  
Ninik Mudjihartini
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, affecting millions of people worldwide due to its ease of transmission. Despite limited information on effective therapeutic options, vitamin D has been regularly reported to exert beneficial immunomodulatory effects affecting both innate and adaptive immune systems. As it is synthesized in the skin under ultraviolet radiation, population living in equatorial countries are presumed to have adequate vitamin D, however several studies have shown otherwise. This article is aimed to give an insight on the different mechanisms by which vitamin D affects our immune system in COVID-19, as well as discussing correlation of having sunlight all year round by being near the equator towards vitamin D adequacy.

scholarly journals Community grid management is an important measure to contain the spread of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Ling ◽  
Xianjie Wen
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Grid Management

Abstract The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)), declared as a ‘global pandemic’ by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The outbreak in multiple locations shows a trend of accelerating spread around the world. China has taken a series of powerful measures to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to actively finding effective treatment drugs and developing vaccines, it is more important to identify the source of infection at the community level as soon as possible to block the transmission path of the virus to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The implementation of grid management in the community and the adoption of precise management and control measures to reduce unnecessary personnel movement can effectively reduce the risk of pandemic spread. This paper mainly describes that the grid management mode can promote the refinement and comprehensiveness of community management. As a management system with potential to improve the governance ability of community affairs, it may be helpful to strengthen the prevention and control of the epidemic in the community.

scholarly journals Update on the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Global Pandemic Challenge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar Soni
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Therapeutic Algorithms ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Death Cases

The 2019 novel coronavirus (previously 2019-nCoV) or coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has been summarized as on March 29, 2020. COVID-19 is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SERS-CoV-2). The disease was first seen during an outbreak in Wuhan, China and continuous spreading from human to human around the sphere. The disease is uncontrolled and increasing the death toll through. The world is facing a global challenge to protect human lives caused by coronavirus outbreak. The number of infected patients is increasing day by day due to COVID-19 as a pandemic. The world health organization (WHO) has declared global public health emergency on January 30, 2020. The disease has been spread around 201 countries with total confirmed cases 634835 and death cases 29891 as on March 29, 2020. The goal of this review to summaries and update the clinical/medical features and suggestions for diagnosis of the COVID-19 as a pandemic. The discussion of the various therapeutic algorithms, risk, prevention and control based on the latest reports has been provided.

scholarly journals USE OF GLYCOPYRROLATE AS AN ADJUNCT FOR REDUCTION OF AEROSOL TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 DURING DENTAL PROCEDURES: A HYPOTHESIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1319-1324
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Routray ◽  
◽  
Kamal Kanta Satapathy ◽  
J. Nitin Samuel ◽  
Ajay Reddy Palle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Contagious Nature ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
The World ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
And Control

COVID-19 global pandemic has become the biggest challenge by causing health crisis across the world due to its contagious nature. Salivary gland acts as a reservoir of virus due to which contaminated saliva plays a pivotal role in COVID-19 transmission among humans. Infection transmission from symptomatic patients as well as asymptomatic carriers is inevitable while performing aerosol generating procedures because contaminated aerosols have potential to float in the air for a considerable amount of time and be inhaled by dentist, dental auxiliary and other patients. Hence, it is a matter of utmost importance to keep upgrading the strategies for prevention of transmission as the outbreak of SARS-COV 2 has clearly placed the health care professionals at highest risk. As excess salivary secretion results in more aerosol contamination in dental procedures, leading to higher risk of transmission antisialogogues can be used to reduce salivary production. This new strategy will be helpful towards reducing aerosol transmission inorder to prevent and control the spread of this highly infectious disease. The aim of this present review is to propose the possible use of antisialogogues (glycopyrrolates) as an adjunct aid in reducing the risk of transmission from contaminated aerosols.

scholarly journals How Does Railway Respond to COVID-19 Spreading? -- Countermeasure Analysis and Evaluation around the World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghao Yin ◽  
Dewei Li ◽  
Songliang Zhang ◽  
Lifu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rail Transit ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Information ◽  
Implementation Effect ◽  
And Control

Abstract The global pandemic of COVID-19 has a significant impact on world development. As an important part of public services, the rail transit requires effective response countermeasures to control the spread of COVID-19. On the premise of considering the current development of the epidemic situation, this article discusses the characteristics of the COVID-19 transmission and finds out the vulnerable spot of preventing and controlling the spread of the epidemic in the rail transit system. The countermeasures that adopted to prevent COVID-19 spreading are analyzed from the external and internal categories, which were classified by 6 aspects: passenger service, cases care, information, staff, equipment and operation management specifically. Meanwhile, an evaluation architecture was constructed, which were established from the views of effectiveness, economic efficiency, acceptability, privacy and so on. The implementation effect of the measures was evaluated and the advantage and shortage of them were analyzed, which can be used to guide the epidemic prevention and control for the rail transit systems of the countries around the world in the future. It is meaningful to formulate a reasonable work schedule according to local conditions, providing a reference for rapid response to future public health emergency of international concern.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: A critical review of preventive and control measures in the context of the virus’ characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Manca Alič ◽  
Andrej Ovca
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
And Control

Abstract The year 2020 has been marked by the novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic on the 11th of March 2020 due to the spread of this very contagious virus throughout the world. Since the outbreak, we have gained many insights about the virus, its presence and persistence in the environment and its possible and most common transmission routes. Such knowledge about the virus is invaluable for establishing effective preventive and control measures (also referred to as Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs)) that have become a key to tackling this pandemic in the absence of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this review, we discuss five main groups of NPIs: 1) ventilation, 2) cleaning and disinfection, 3) hand hygiene, 4) physical distancing, and 5) protective masks. We explore their shortcomings and potential negative consequences that might occur as unwanted side effects.

scholarly journals USE OF GLYCOPYRROLATE AS AN ADJUNCT FOR REDUCTION OF AEROSOL TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 DURING DENTAL PROCEDURES: A HYPOTHESIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1103-1108
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Routray ◽  
◽  
Kamal Kanta Satapathy ◽  
J. Nitin Samuel ◽  
Ajay Reddy Palle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Contagious Nature ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
The World ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
And Control

COVID-19 global pandemic has become the biggest challenge by causing health crisis across the world due to its contagious nature. Salivary gland acts as a reservoir of virus due to which contaminated saliva plays a pivotal role in COVID-19 transmission among humans. Infection transmission from symptomatic patients as well as asymptomatic carriers is inevitable while performing aerosol generating procedures because contaminated aerosols have potential to float in the air for a considerable amount of time and be inhaled by dentist, dental auxiliary and other patients. Hence, it is a matter of utmost importance to keep upgrading the strategies for prevention of transmission as the outbreak of SARS-COV 2 has clearly placed the health care professionals at highest risk. As excess salivary secretion results in more aerosol contamination in dental procedures, leading to higher risk of transmission antisialogogues can be used to reduce salivary production. This new strategy will be helpful towards reducing aerosol transmission inorder to prevent and control the spread of this highly infectious disease. The aim of this present review is to propose the possible use of antisialogogues (glycopyrrolates) as an adjunct aid in reducing the risk of transmission from contaminated aerosols.

scholarly journals A Study on Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Datasets

SEEU Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-120
Author(s):  
Genc Hamzaj ◽  
Zamir Dika ◽  
Isak Shabani
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Credible World ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

Abstract In December 2019 a virus named COVID-19 appeared in China, precisely in the city of Wuhan. This virus was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Since no adequate medical treatment has yet been discovered for this virus, many world institutions are committed to share with each other the data they collect and process in their laboratories. A large amount of these data is shared with citizens in order to inform about the risk that threaten us by virus COVID-19. Various credible world institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), etc., are providing various statistical data to address the issues raised by this emergent situation, but these reports in some cases are putting doubts on the completeness and the transparency of the data, which are not sufficiently processed and which then create confusion about the risks that we are facing. In this paper we are conducting a study of the quality of current global datasets from the must credible sources related to COVID-19. Also, we are comparing datasets collected from Republic of Kosovo and Republic of North Macedonia with corresponding data from WHO, ECDC and JHU datasets. To analyze datasets from different sources, we are using Power BI tool, making the improvement through the implementation of adequate dimensions and methods of improving the quality of datasets.

scholarly journals The Powerful Immune System Against Powerful COVID-19: A Hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary ◽  
Hassan Akbari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic. Since December 2019, the world has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but the factors affecting the immune system against COVID-19 have not been well described. In this article, we provide a novel hypothesis to describe how an increase in cellular adenosine triphosphate (c-ATP) can potentially improve the efficiency of innate and adaptive immune systems to either prevent and fight off COVID-19.

Interaction Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems is Required to Survive Sepsis and Control Inflammation After Injury

Shock ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odhran Shelley ◽  
Thomas Murphy ◽  
Hugh Paterson ◽  
John A. Mannick ◽  
James A. Lederer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems
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