scholarly journals Results from 2016 Online Ad Voter Turnout Experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Kalla
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
General Election ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
To Receive

During the 2016 general election, NextGen Climate conducted a 1.2 million person experiment to assess whether online advertising increases voter turnout. Across New Hampshire, Nevada, and Pennsylvania, NextGen Climate randomly assigned 1,041,952 voters to receive GOTV online ads while the remaining 195,368 were randomly assigned to a control group. Overall, we find that the ads likely caused a small, marginally significant increase in voter turnout of 0.14 percentage points (p=0.15).

scholarly journals Results from 2016 Illinois Text Message Experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Kalla
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
General Election ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
To Receive

During the 2016 general election, NextGen Climate conducted an experiment to assess whether peer-to-peer texting is effective at increasing voter turnout. NextGen Climate randomly assigned 94,257 individuals to receive a text message encouraging them to vote and 94,229 to a control group that received no outreach from NextGen Climate through Relay, the program they used for peer-to-peer texting. Individuals targeted were under 40 years old (average of 25) and had an average partisanship score of 81 (SE=15). The text messages were sent on November 5th, three days before Election Day. Overall, we find that 32.50% of the treatment group voted while 32.26% of the control group did. After adjusting for pre-treatment covariates, we find that the peer-to-peer text message increased turnout by 0.25 percentage points (p=0.20; SE=0.20).

scholarly journals Results from 2017 Virginia Text Message Experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Nigel Yan ◽  
Joshua Kalla
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Universe

In 2017, NextGen America conducted an experiment to evaluate whether peer-to-peer texting increases voter turnout in the Virginia gubernatorial primary. NGA randomly assigned 250,000 people to a treatment group and 125,000 people to a control group. People were contacted through Relay, a peer-to-peer texting program, during a four-day period starting on June 8th. The universe of people in the experiment are 40 or younger (average age of 30), and had an average partisanship score of 87.15 (SE=11). Overall, we found that 11.32% of the treatment group voted, while 10.73% of the control group voted. After controlling for pre-treatment covariates, we found that peer-to-peer texting increased turnout by .62 percentage points (p<.0001; SE=.001).

scholarly journals I Will Register and Vote, If You Teach Me How: A Field Experiment Testing Voter Registration in College Classrooms

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (04) ◽  
pp. 867-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Bennion ◽  
David W. Nickerson
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Voter Registration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
College Classrooms ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Student Volunteer ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTCollege students are young, have little or no history of voting, and are residentially mobile, which makes them a population in great need of registering to vote. Universities have a civic, pedagogical, and legal obligation to register their students to vote. In 2006, we conducted a controlled experiment across 16 college campuses to test the efficacy of classroom presentations to increase voter registration. The 25,256 students across more than 1,026 classrooms were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a control group receiving no presentation; (2) a presentation by a professor; and (3) a presentation by a student volunteer. Verifying registration and voter turnout from a national voter database, we found that both types of presentations increased overall registration by 6 percentage points and turnout rates by approximately 2.6 percentage points. These results demonstrated that universities can take simple steps to engage their students in politics.

scholarly journals Youth Voter Mobilization Through Online Advertising: Evidence From Two GOTV Field Experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Kalla
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Voter Mobilization ◽  
Young Voters ◽  
Growing Cell ◽  
Experimental Findings

An increasingly fragmented media environment poses a challenge to campaigns and political organizations trying to persuade young voters, as young people increasingly eschew television for online video streaming and represent a growing cell-phone-only population, which is more costly to reach. As a result, each cycle campaigns are spending more on online advertising. However, the effectiveness of this outreach is an open question with disparate findings in the literature (Bond et al. 2012, Broockman and Green 2012). To test the effectiveness of this outreach for voter mobilization, we partnered with a national organization, Rock the Vote, to conduct a seven-state, 731,568-person GOTV experiment using advertising on Facebook during the 2012 presidential election, which involved nearly four million advertising impressions, and a 14-state, 93,053-person replication during the 2013 general election. Across both experiments, we find no evidence that voter turnout in the treatment group was greater than the control group. While exploratory analysis from the 2012 experiment suggested the ads were effective among those who had a demonstrated a prior history of clicking on online advertising, the follow-up 2013 experiment failed to confirm this finding. These results suggest that while online advertising can reach young voters, it may not be a panacea for encouraging them to vote. This research also underscores the importance of replications of even large-scale experimental findings.

The Effects of a Caffeine Placebo and Experimenter Expectation on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Well-Being, and Cognitive Performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Walach ◽  
Stefan Schmidt ◽  
Yvonne-Michelle Bihr ◽  
Susanne Wiesch
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Being There ◽  
To Receive

We studied the effect of experimenter expectations and different instructions in a balanced placebo design. 157 subjects were randomized into a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two experimenters were led to expect placebos either to produce physiological effects or not (pro- vs. antiplacebo). All subjects except a control group received a caffeine placebo. They were either made to expect coffee, no coffee, or were in a double-blind condition. Dependent measures were blood pressure, heart rate, well-being, and a cognitive task. There was one main effect on the instruction factor (p = 0.03) with the group “told no caffeine” reporting significantly better well-being. There was one main effect on the experimenter factor with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” having higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.008). There was one interaction with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” to receive coffee doing worse in the cognitive task than the rest. Subjects instructed by experimenter “antiplacebo” were significantly less likely to believe the experimental instruction, and that mostly if they had been instructed to receive coffee. Contrary to the literature we could not show an effect of instruction, but there was an effect of experimenters. It is likely, however, that these experimenter effects were not due to experimental manipulations, but to the difference in personalities.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Mobile phone use on adherence to Nevirapine prophylaxis and retention in care among the HIV-exposed infants in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian M. N. Kebaya ◽  
Dalton Wamalwa ◽  
Nyambura Kariuki ◽  
Bashir Admani ◽  
Philip Ayieko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background HIV is a major contributor to infant mortality. A significant gap remains between the uptake of infant and maternal antiretroviral regimens and only a minority of HIV-exposed infants receives prophylaxis and safe infant feeding. Losses to follow-up of HIV-exposed infants are associated with shortcomings of facility-based PMTCT models with weak community support of linkages. Use of mobile phones offers an opportunity for improving care and promoting retention assessed by timely attendance of scheduled appointments for the mother-baby pairs and achievement of an HIV-free generation. The objective of this study was to compare self-reported adherence to infant Nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis and retention in care assessed by timely attendance of scheduled appointments over 10 weeks in HIV exposed infants randomized to 2-weekly mobile phone calls (intervention) versus no phone calls (control). Methods In this open label randomized controlled study, one hundred and fifty HIV infected women drawn from 3 health facilities in Western Kenya and their infants were randomly assigned to receive either phone-based reminders on PMTCT messages or standard health care messages (no calls) within 24 h of delivery. Women in the intervention arm continued to receive fortnightly phone calls. At 6- and 10-weeks following randomization we collected data on infant adherence to Nevirapine, mode of infant feeding, early HIV testing and retention in care in both study arms. All analyses were intention to treat. Results At 6 weeks follow-up, 90.7% (n = 68) of participants receiving phone calls reported adherence to infant NVP prophylaxis, compared with 72% (n = 54) of participants in the control group (p = 0.005). Participants in the intervention arm were also significantly more likely to remain in care than participants in the control group [78.7% (n = 59) vs. 58.7% (n = 44), p = 0.009 at 6 weeks and 69.3% (n = 52) vs. 37.3% (n = 28), p < 0.001 at 10 weeks]. Conclusions These results suggest that phone calls are potentially an important tool to improve adherence to infant NVP prophylaxis and retention in care for HIV-exposed infants. Trial registration PACTR202007654729602. Registered 6 June 2018 - Retrospectively registered, https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=3449

Excess Opioid Disposal Following Orthopaedic Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 193864002098092
Author(s):  
Cornelia Keyser ◽  
Abhiram Bhashyam ◽  
Abdurrahman Abdurrob ◽  
Jeremy T. Smith ◽  
Eric Bluman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Opioid Medication ◽  
Ankle Surgery ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Level I ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Experimental Group

Background Previous research indicates low disposal rates of excess postoperative narcotics, leaving them available for diversion or abuse. This study examined the effect of introducing a portable disposal device on excess opiate opioid disposal rates after lower extremity orthopaedic surgery. Methods This was a single site randomized control trial within an outpatient orthopaedic clinic. All patients 18 years or older, undergoing outpatient foot and ankle surgery between December 1, 2017 and August 1, 2018 were eligible. Patients were prospectively enrolled and randomized to receive standard opioid disposal instructions or a drug deactivation device at 2-week postoperative appointments. Participants completed an anonymous survey at 6-week postoperative appointments. Results Of the 75 patients surveyed, 68% (n = 26) of the experimental group and 56% (n = 21) of the control group had unused opioid medication. Of these, 84.6% of patients who were given Deterra Drug Deactivation System deactivation pouches safely disposed of excess medication, compared with 38% of controls (P = .003). When asked if they would use a disposal device for excess medication in the future, 97.4% (n = 37) of the experimental and 83.8% (n = 31) of the control group reported that they would. Conclusions Providing a portable disposal device with postoperative narcotic prescriptions may increase safe disposal rates of excess opioid medication following lower extremity orthopaedic surgery. Levels of Evidence Level I

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs in Children With Idiopathic Frequent Symptomatic or Asymptomatic Premature Ventricular Complexes With or Without Asymptomatic Ventricular Tachycardia: a Retrospective Multi-Center Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin A. Bertels ◽  
Janneke A. E. Kammeraad ◽  
Anna M. Zeelenberg ◽  
Luc H. Filippini ◽  
Ingmar Knobbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Tachycardia ◽  
Beta Blockers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Premature Ventricular Complexes ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Multi Center Study ◽  
Center Study

AbstractThe aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of flecainide, beta-blockers, sotalol, and verapamil in children with frequent PVCs, with or without asymptomatic VT. Frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and asymptomatic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in children with structurally normal hearts require anti-arrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy depending on the severity of symptoms or ventricular dysfunction; however, data on efficacy in children are scarce. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic children (≥ 1 year and < 18 years of age) with a PVC burden of 5% or more, with or without asymptomatic runs of VT, who had consecutive Holter recordings, were included in this retrospective multi-center study. The groups of patients receiving AAD therapy were compared to an untreated control group. A medication episode was defined as a timeframe in which the highest dosage at a fixed level of a single drug was used in a patient. A total of 35 children and 46 medication episodes were included, with an overall change in PVC burden on Holter of -4.4 percentage points, compared to -4.2 in the control group of 14 patients. The mean reduction in PVC burden was only significant in patients receiving flecainide (− 13.8 percentage points; N = 10; p = 0.032), compared to the control group and other groups receiving beta-blockers (− 1.7 percentage points; N = 18), sotalol (+ 1.0 percentage points; N = 7), or verapamil (− 3.9 percentage points; N = 11). The efficacy of anti-arrhythmic drug therapy on frequent PVCs or asymptomatic VTs in children is very limited. Only flecainide appears to be effective in lowering the PVC burden.

scholarly journals Planning prompts to promote uptake of HIV services among men: a randomised trial in rural Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. e003390
Author(s):  
Nolan M Kavanagh ◽  
Elisabeth M Schaffer ◽  
Alex Ndyabakira ◽  
Kara Marson ◽  
Diane V Havlir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Campaign ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Cost Planning ◽  
Testing Uptake ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionInterventions informed by behavioural economics, such as planning prompts, have the potential to increase HIV testing at minimal or no cost. Planning prompts have not been previously evaluated for HIV testing uptake. We conducted a randomised clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of low-cost planning prompts to promote HIV testing among men.MethodsWe randomised adult men in rural Ugandan parishes to receive a calendar planning prompt that gave them the opportunity to make a plan to get tested for HIV at health campaigns held in their communities. Participants received either a calendar showing the dates when the community health campaign would be held (control group) or a calendar showing the dates and prompting them to select a date and time when they planned to attend (planning prompt group). Participants were not required to select a date and time or to share their selection with study staff. The primary outcome was HIV testing uptake at the community health campaign.ResultsAmong 2362 participants, 1796 (76%) participants tested for HIV. Men who received a planning prompt were 2.2 percentage points more likely to test than the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (77.1% vs 74.9%; 95% CI –1.2 to 5.7 percentage points, p=0.20). The planning prompt was more effective among men enrolled ≤40 days before the campaigns (3.6 percentage-point increase in testing; 95% CI –2.9 to 10.1, p=0.27) than among men enrolled >40 days before the campaigns (1.8 percentage-point increase; 95% CI –2.3 to 5.8, p=0.39), although the effects within the subgroups were not significant.ConclusionThese findings suggest that planning prompts may be an effective behavioural intervention to promote HIV testing at minimal or no cost. Large-scale studies should further assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of such interventions.

Patients Living With HIV Are Less Likely to Receive Appropriate Statin Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 089719002199979
Author(s):  
Roshni P. Emmons ◽  
Nicholas V. Hastain ◽  
Todd A. Miano ◽  
Jason J. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Statin Therapy ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
To Receive

Background: Recent studies suggest that statins are underprescribed in patients living with HIV (PLWH) at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), but none have assessed if eligible patients receive the correct statin and intensity compared to uninfected controls. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine whether statin-eligible PLWH are less likely to receive appropriate statin therapy compared to patients without HIV. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated statin eligibility and prescribing among patients in both an HIV and internal medicine clinic at an urban, academic medical center from June-September 2018 using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline on treating blood cholesterol to reduce ASCVD risk. Patients were assessed for eligibility and actual treatment with appropriate statin therapy. Characteristics of patients appropriately and not appropriately treated were compared with chi-square testing and predictors for receiving appropriate statin therapy were determined with logistic regression. Results: A total of 221/300 study subjects were statin-eligible. Fewer statin-eligible PLWH were receiving the correct statin intensity for their risk benefit group versus the uninfected control group (30.2% vs 67.0%, p < 0.001). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, PLWH were significantly less likely to receive appropriate statin therapy, while those with polypharmacy were more likely to receive appropriate statin therapy. Conclusion: Our study reveals that PLWH may be at a disadvantage in receiving appropriate statin therapy for ASCVD risk reduction. This is important given the heightened risk for ASCVD in this population, and strategies that address this gap in care should be explored.

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