scholarly journals MEKANISME PASARDAN KEBIJAKAN PENETAPAN HARGA ADILDALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
muhammad emir khaerat
Keyword(s):  
Fair Price

Mekanisme Pasar dan Kebijakan Penetapan Harga Adil dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam. Berbeda dengan sistem konvensional, konsep Ekonomi Islam menegaskan bahwa mekanisme pasar dan penetapan harga perlu diatur untuk mene-gakkan keseimbangan pasar dan keadilanekonomi dengan memper-timbangkan kepentingan para pihak yang terlibat di pasar. Harga wajar dan adil (fair price) adalah harga yang diperoleh berdasarkan kekuatan penawaran (supply) dan permintaan (demand). Manakala terjadi tindakan-tindakan yang bersifat zhulm sehingga terjadi distorsi pasar atau harga tidak berada pada titik keseimbangannya, peme-rintah sangat berperan untuk mengambil kebijakan berupa penetapan harga dengan melihat faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya distorsi tersebutdan mengembalikan harga pada titik keseimbangannya semula.

Fair Price Policy for Long Term Business

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
Vidhusekhar P Vidhusekhar P ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Price Policy ◽  
Fair Price

Modeling the green bond yield on bond offering

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2858-2878
Author(s):  
M.I. Emets
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Yield Curve ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Bond Pricing ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Yield Curves ◽  
Bond Yield

Subject. The article addresses the green bond pricing as compared to bonds other than green ones. Objectives. The aims are to determine how the fact that a bond is identified as a green one, the issue amount, and the availability of third-party verification, influence the yield to maturity; to make recommendations on effective green bond pricing. Methods. The study employs econometric testing of hypotheses, using the multiple linear regression. The sample includes 318 green and 1695 conventional bonds. Results. Green bonds have a lower yield to maturity in comparison with conventional bonds. The yield to maturity of green bonds with third-party verification is lower, as contrasted with green bonds without verification. Conclusions. The next step in the green bond market development is creating a benchmark yield curve for sovereign green bonds, with parallel issuance of conventional, non-green bonds. The yield curve is crucial for effective bond pricing. Two yield curves, i.e. for green and non-green bonds, will enable investors to estimate the fair price on issuance, as well as to define, if there is a difference in pricing.

scholarly journals Ensuring access to medicines at a fair price? Innovative contracting experiences in France

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Alaoui ◽  
C Izambert ◽  
A Toullier
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Expensive Drug ◽  
Patient Organizations ◽  
Performance Contracts ◽  
Performance Based Contracts ◽  
Innovative Contracting

Abstract Issue Innovative contracting models are developed to ease price-setting negotiations in case an extremely expensive drug has not proven sufficient efficiency in clinical trials. As disruptive HIV treatments are expected in the near future, French patient organizations evaluated the ability of these innovative contracts to ensure accessible medicines at a fair price. Description Performance-based schemes condition prices paid by the State to the efficiency of the medicine observed through real-world data. In France, thirteen performance-based contracts have been concluded between 2008 and 2015. They are presented as a triple solution: innovative treatments are available to patients, manufacturers access markets, and states ensure healthcare within limited budgets. Establishing the added value of these models implies determining if they allow rapid access to treatments with substantial savings for payers, while ensuring rigorous price and cost transparency. Results Performance-based contracts indeed ensure patient access to treatments, but other mechanisms (such as temporary use authorizations) already serve this purpose. Regarding expenditure reduction however, these schemes have not proven their worth. The Court of Auditors' evaluation showed they do not generate substantial savings, as final prices correspond to those that would have applied with the European price guarantee. Lastly, as contracts are protected by business secrecy, the public cannot access neither to actual prices negotiated by payers, nor the amount of public investment that have been used for the research and development of the drug. Lessons The derogatory nature of performance contracts invites us to consider them on a case-by-case basis if ensuring access to a specific innovation is necessary. These contracts are certainly innovative, but they cannot be presented as technologies providing access at a fair price. Finally, their contractual and derogatory nature raises serious transparency issues. Key messages Performance-based contracts should be considered as alternatives to existing administrative channels provided that they lead to substantial savings and are drawn up in full transparency. Patient organizations need to assess innovative schemes such as performance-based contracting to ensure access to treatments without undermining historical struggles for fair and transparent pricing.

scholarly journals PRICE TRACKING BEHAVIOUR IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF FAIR PRICE PERCEPTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Victor ◽  
Robert Jeyakumar Nathan ◽  
Janusz Grabara ◽  
Maria Fekete Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Price Perception ◽  
Moderating Role

Management of Technological Change and Quality in Ship Production

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Ernst G. Frankel
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Technological Advance ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
And Performance

Ship production, like other manufacturing and assembly activities, must keep up with technology to assure achievement of required productivity, quality, and technological advance expected by an increasingly demanding marketplace. The ship market has not only become technologically sophisticated, but customers now no longer buy on price alone. They want quality in design, detailing, operability, maintainability, reliability, usability, all in addition to a fair price, reliable delivery schedule, and effective follow-on service. In other words, the shipbuilding industry is finally emerging as a market-conscious, responsive industry aware of user needs. To perform this newly rediscovered function, shipbuilding has to assure better management of technological change in both product and process technology and assure continuous total quality management from design and production to delivery and follow. Many shipbuilders are new at this because many assumed a seller's marketplace. In this paper, the management of technological change and quality in ship production is presented as a formal step-by-step procedure which should be undertaken at regular (quarterly or at least yearly) intervals to assure that the yard maintains its quality and performance in process and product terms.

Part II Islamic Law and Contracts in Practice, 7 Murabaha and Tawarruq

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nethercott Craig R
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Islamic Finance ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Liquidity Management ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Modern Application

This chapter focuses on the murabaha structure, which is probably the most commonly used Islamic finance structure in modern Islamic banking. The simplicity of structure in its current application has promoted its use as a popular and flexible Islamic financing instrument. Indeed, the use of the murabaha has been extended beyond a widespread application as a standalone instrument to a composite component of Sukuk issuance in modern application. The murabaha contract is understood within the Islamic tradition to have a pre-Islamic origin evidenced in pre-Islamic literature and characterized as a fiduciary contract with the objective to assist less knowledgeable buyers in the determination of the fair price of unfamiliar goods. Today, murabaha is commonly used as a mode of finance, in its variant structures, for the acquisition of assets, commodities, and goods in the ordinary course of trade. The structure is also used as a corporate finance tool for working capital and liquidity management. The chapter then considers commodity murabaha (tawarruq) and its application.

scholarly journals A Study of Black–Scholes Model’s Applicability in Indian Capital Markets

Paradigm ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Anubha Srivastava ◽  
Manjula Shastri
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Option Pricing ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Pricing Model ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Indian Stock Market

Derivative trading, started in mid-2000, has become an integral and significant part of Indian stock market. The tremendous increase in trading volume in Indian stock market has reflected into high volatility in the option prices. The pricing of options is very complex aspect of applied finance and has been subject of extensive research. Black–Scholes option model is a scientific pricing model which is applied for determining the fair price for option contracts. This article examines if Black–Scholes option pricing model (BSOPM) is a good indicator of option pricing in Indian context. The literature review highlights that various studies have been conducted on BSOPM in various stock exchange across the world with mixed outcome on its relevance and applicability. This article is an empirical study to test the relevance of BSOPM for which 10 most popular industry’s stock listed on National Stock Exchange have been taken. Then the BSOPM has been applied using volatility and risk-free rate. Furthermore, t-test has been used to test the hypothesis and determine the significant relationship between BS model values and actual model values. This study concludes that BSOPM involves significant degree of mispricing. Hence, this model alone cannot be adopted as an indicator for option pricing. The variation from market price is synchronised with respect to moneyness and time to maturity of the option.

scholarly journals Marketing System of Small Scale Broiler in Selected Areas of Tangail District

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-254
Author(s):  
Shahida Akhter ◽  
Alamgir Hasan ◽  
Hasan Habibur Rahman ◽  
Md Kamrul Hassan ◽  
Most Tahmina Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Marketing Information

The study was attempted to explore the small scale broiler farming of Tangail district. Bhuapur, Ghatail, Kalihati, Shakhipur, Delduar and Basail Upazilas were selected purposively for this study. Primary data were collected through face to face interview with the respondents of broiler farmers during February to July, 2016. Secondary data were collected from the BBS, poultry production and marketing reports, journals, DAM, DLS and MS theses. A total of 30 broiler farm owners and 54 intermediaries were selected by applying purposive sampling technique. In the production and marketing system of broiler, many intermediaries were involved such as Bepari, Paiker, Wholesaler and Retailer. Marketing of broiler, produced in Tangail district, was moved from producers to the consumers through four separate chains. The average production cost of farmer for 500 birds was BDT 54781.25, and marketing cost of paiker, wholesaler and retailer were BDT 1230, BDT 1310 and BDT 440, respectively. However, beparies received highest marketing cost which was BDT 1370/500 birds. Transportation was found as the highest cost item which was 37.96%, 39.02% and 40.46%, in case of bepari, paiker, and wholesalers, respectively, but there was no transportation cost of retailer. Broiler farmers sold 90% of their broiler to paiker/bepari and remaining 10% to retailer (distance paiker) sold directly. Paikers sold 85.63% of their broilers to retailers and 14.34% to retailers through wholesalers. Consumer purchases100% of broiler from the retailers in the study areas. Broiler producers did not get fair price due to lack of economic storage facilities, existence of stronger middlemen, inadequacy of veterinary care and services, inefficient transportation facilities, and lack of proper marketing information. It could be concluded that institutional credits, timely supply of inputs and stable price of broiler should be ensured along with the provision of transport and market facilities. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 243-254,  August 2020

scholarly journals Pattern recognition based on machine learning identifies oil adulteration and edible oil mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Lim ◽  
Kun Pan ◽  
Zhe Yu ◽  
Rong Hui Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
Oil Type

Abstract Previous studies have shown that each edible oil type has its own characteristic fatty acid profile; however, no method has yet been described allowing the identification of oil types simply based on this characteristic. Moreover, the fatty acid profile of a specific oil type can be mimicked by a mixture of 2 or more oil types. This has led to fraudulent oil adulteration and intentional mislabeling of edible oils threatening food safety and endangering public health. Here, we present a machine learning method to uncover fatty acid patterns discriminative for ten different plant oil types and their intra-variability. We also describe a supervised end-to-end learning method that can be generalized to oil composition of any given mixtures. Trained on a large number of simulated oil mixtures, independent test dataset validation demonstrates that the model has a 50th percentile absolute error between 1.4–1.8% and a 90th percentile error of 4–5.4% for any 3-way mixtures of the ten oil types. The deep learning model can also be further refined with on-line training. Because oil-producing plants have diverse geographical origins and hence slightly varying fatty acid profiles, an online-training method provides also a way to capture useful knowledge presently unavailable. Our method allows the ability to control product quality, determining the fair price of purchased oils and in-turn allowing health-conscious consumers the future of accurate labeling.

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