Autophagy and proteostasis adjustment role in normal brain function and neurodegenerative disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Synaptic Changes ◽  
The Stability

Higher cognitive brain functions are based on neural network complexity and diversity of neuronal identities. Understanding how the brain works is still a major scientific topic, not only because it consists of tens of billions of neuronal and glial cells, but also because the flexibility of the nervous system involves altering synaptic linkages and their abundance. Individual synapses include an average composition of around 1,000–3,000 different proteins, with 100,000 protein units in total. This complexity is further amplified molecularly.De novo protein synthesis is recognized to be crucial for the stability of synaptic changes in converting short-term memories to long-term memories. Neurons have a distinct compartmentalization degree and can maintain and adjust their proteomas without relying on the cell body. Dendrites make up more than 75% of the total space of a neuron and can produce hundreds of synapses, requiring transport of membrane-bound cargo and organelles via intricate dendritic arborization and long axons.Neurons are exposed to a number of stressful situations that may compromise proteostasis during their lengthy lifespan. The accumulation of aberrant protein aggregates in the form of soluble oligomers, fibrils and large protein inclusions defines most neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the significance of preserving the integrity of the proteome for health. As a result, the ability of synapses to keep their unique features for long periods of time or to change their composition in response to physiological indications poses a tight, ongoing challenge to the proteostasis network. This article explores the basic mechanisms that govern proteostasis adjustment and their involvement in normal brain function and neurodegenerative diseases. These discoveries are also assessed as to their implications for the future development of therapeutic strategies to alleviate disease conditions and extend brain health.

Recording of intracranial pressure in conscious rats via telemetry

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 576-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah-Jane Guild ◽  
Fiona D. McBryde ◽  
Simon C. Malpas
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
The Stability ◽  
State Pressure

Although cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is known to be fundamental in the control of normal brain function, there have been no previous long-term measurements in animal models. The aim of this study was to explore the stability and viability of long-term recordings of intracranial pressure (ICP) in freely moving rats via a telemetry device. We also developed a repeatable surgical approach with a solid-state pressure sensor at the tip of the catheter placed under the dura and in combination with arterial pressure (AP) measurement to enable the calculation of CPP. Telemeters with dual pressure catheters were implanted in Wistar rats to measure ICP and AP. We found that the signals were stable throughout the 28-day recording period with an average ICP value of 6 ± 0.8 mmHg. Significant light-dark differences were found in AP (3.1 ± 2.7 mmHg, P = 0.02) and HR (58 ± 12 beats/min, P = 0.003), but not ICP (0.3 ± 0.2 mmHg, P >0.05) or CPP (2.6 ± 2.8 mmHg, P > 0.05). Use of kaolin to induce hydrocephalus in several rats demonstrates the ability to measure changes in ICP throughout disease progression, validating this new solution for chronic measurement of ICP, CPP, and AP in conscious rats.

scholarly journals Cortical Brain Functions – The Brodmann Legacy in the 21st Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (04) ◽  
pp. 261-270
Author(s):  
Daniel Damiani ◽  
Anna Maria Nascimento ◽  
Leticia Kühl Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Topographic Organization ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques ◽  
Functional Map ◽  
Functional Areas

AbstractIn 1909, Korbinian Brodmann described 52 functional brain areas, 43 of them found in the human brain. More than a century later, his devoted functional map was incremented by Glasser et al in 2016, using functional nuclear magnetic resonance imaging techniques to propose the existence of 180 functional areas in each hemisphere, based on their cortical thickness, degree of myelination (cortical myelin content), neuronal interconnection, topographic organization, multitask answers, and assessment in their resting state. This opens a huge possibility, through functional neuroanatomy, to understand a little more about normal brain function and its functional impairment in the presence of a disease.

scholarly journals The consequences of hypoglycaemia

Diabetologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Amiel
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Cardiac Rhythm ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Long Term Consequences

AbstractHypoglycaemia (blood glucose concentration below the normal range) has been recognised as a complication of insulin treatment from the very first days of the discovery of insulin, and remains a major concern for people with diabetes, their families and healthcare professionals today. Acute hypoglycaemia stimulates a stress response that acts to restore circulating glucose, but plasma glucose concentrations can still fall too low to sustain normal brain function and cardiac rhythm. There are long-term consequences of recurrent hypoglycaemia, which are still not fully understood. This paper reviews our current understanding of the acute and cumulative consequences of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetes. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Selenium, selenoproteins and neurodegenerative diseases

Metallomics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1213-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Rita Cardoso ◽  
Blaine R. Roberts ◽  
Ashley I. Bush ◽  
Dominic J. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Normal Brain Function

A review of selenium's essential role in normal brain function and its potential involvement in neurodegenerative diseases.

Key Nutrients for Normal Brain Health

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashna K. Staid
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
B Complex Vitamins

Over the past several decades, there has been a sharp increase in psychiatric diseases but relatively little attention to improving poor nutritional patterns that affect mental health conditions. Long-term nutrient deprivation results in neuroinflammation, which contributes to causing mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia. A growing body of research substantiates the benefits of supplementing many essential nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, the B complex vitamins, vitamin E, and the minerals magnesium, iron, zinc, choline, calcium, and selenium to help prevent and treat many mental illnesses. These nutrients are often limited in the standard Western diet. Importantly, it is not just one single nutrient that is important to optimizing brain health but all the nutrients working in concert in a healthy, well-balanced approach that helps to optimize brain function and prevent disease. This chapter reviews the various nutrients involved in maintaining optimal brain health.

scholarly journals Cranioplasty Sinking Should Affect Normal Brain Function Mimicking Other Neurologic Illness: Fig 1.

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. e65-e65
Author(s):  
M. del Mar Carmona Abellán ◽  
M. Murie Fernández ◽  
P. Esteve Belloch
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Normal Brain Function

THE INSULA: ISLAND OF REIL

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. e4.155-e4
Author(s):  
Ray Wynford-Thomas ◽  
Rob Powell
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Temporal Epilepsy ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
Hypermotor Seizures ◽  
Posterior Insula ◽  
As Effects

Just as ‘no man is an island’, despite its misleading name, the insula is not an island. Sitting deeply within the cerebrum, the insular cortex and its connections play an important role in both normal brain function and seizure generation. Stimulating specific areas of the insula can produce somatosensory, viscerosensory, somatomotor and visceroautonomic symptoms, as well as effects on speech processing and pain. Insular onset seizures are rare, but may mimic both temporal and extra-temporal epilepsy and if not recognised, may lead to failure of epilepsy surgery. We therefore highlight the semiology of insular epilepsy by discussing three cases with different auras. Insular onset seizures can broadly be divided into three main types both anatomically and according to seizure semiology:1. Seizures originating in the antero-inferior insula present with laryngeal constriction, along with visceral and gustatory auras (similar to those originating in medial temporal structures).2. Antero-superior onset seizures can have a silent onset, but tend to propagate rapidly to motor areas causing focal motor or hypermotor seizures.3. Seizures originating in the posterior insula present with contralateral sensory symptoms.

scholarly journals What is the effect of body’s chemical messengers in the brain?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-618
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Geometry Optimization ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Delivery Technique ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Practical Model ◽  
The Brain

Neurochemical transmitters in the brain are fundamental to normal brain function and this investigation aims to introduce a study on the center of neuroscientific through an account of language development which conducts human speech mechanism using theoretical methods. In the process of this work, new understanding has been gained from the neurochemistry of several important neurotransmitters of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EN), norepinephrine (NE), histamine (HA) and serotonin (ST) in brain by Monte Carlo simulation (MC) which uses the increased temperature to the potential energy of the neurochemicals in the brain considering the geometry optimization of the compounds as an additional conformational level. Moreover, the results of optimized DA, EN, NE, HA, ST neurochemical transmitters by running the physicochemical parameters as a practical model using Gaussian 09 program package can approve the twisting of language-brain due to these structures using density electron deliverers. The most stable of these compounds through the active sites of nitrogen and oxygen atoms has illustrated the best optimized position for localizing the structure through delivery technique in the brain to activate the center of learning a language as a simulated model. So, the best results with the calculated amounts conduct us to analyze the perspective of language learning process and enhancing this ability.

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