scholarly journals Human Behaviors Encountered During the Different Phases of the Kondratieff Cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
THEODORE MODIS
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Difficult Times

There are different behaviors appropriate to the different phases of growth. This has been observed among species in nature as they go through the four seasons, but also among humans in society as different economic-growth phases succeed one another. Typically, difficult times stimulate entrepreneurship whereas prosperity nurtures conservatism. Less obviously, preoccupation with the "what" characterizes formative times whereas preoccupation with the "how" characterizes periods of maturity. A multitude of different behaviors can be mapped on the four phases of any growth cycle. On a larger scale, and to the extent that society is anthropomorphic, society as a whole goes through different behaviors while experiencing transitionsbetween cyclical phases of growth. Given a growth phase we can expect specific behaviors, and inversely, given a specific behavior we can deduce the growth phase being traversed. It follows that WWII may have been survival-driven whereas WWI greed-driven.

Internet Financial Innovation Based on Enterprise Growth Cycle for the Small and Medium Enterprises

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 5386-5389
Author(s):  
Yi Qing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Financial Innovation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Enterprise Growth ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Financing is always a big problem in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in our country. It’s necessary to develop Internet financial to support the development of real economy and improve SME’s financing situation. In this paper, an analysis of the SME’s financing innovation is described and then an internet financing innovation which is oriented to growth phase SME is proposed, in order to better meet SME’s financing requirement in different growth phases.

scholarly journals Rapid in vitro selection of salt-tolerant genotypes of the potentially medicinal plant Centaurium maritimum (L.) fritsch

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Misic ◽  
B. Siler ◽  
Biljana Filipovic ◽  
Zorica Popovic ◽  
Suzana Zivkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Selection Of

We investigated differences of salinity tolerance between 'salt-tolerant' (ST) and 'salt-sensitive' (SS) genotypes of yellow centaury [Centaurium maritimum (L.) Fritsch] selected during the germination phase. The ability of in vitro cultured C. maritimum to complete the whole ontogenetic cycle in less than 6 months enabled us to deterine salinity tolerance during different growth phases. Based on the physiological attributes measured in this study (growth, morphogenesis, photosynthesis, flowering, seed germination), it can be concluded that C. maritimum genotypes differing in salinity tolerance showed a variable response to elevated salt concentrations during both the vegetative and the generative growth phase.

scholarly journals Physiology regulates the relationship between coccosphere geometry and growth phase in coccolithophores

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1493-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie M. Sheward ◽  
Alex J. Poulton ◽  
Samantha J. Gibbs ◽  
Chris J. Daniels ◽  
Paul R. Bown
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Nutrient Depletion ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Phytoplankton Group

Abstract. Coccolithophores are an abundant phytoplankton group that exhibit remarkable diversity in their biology, ecology and calcitic exoskeletons (coccospheres). Their extensive fossil record is a testament to their important biogeochemical role and is a valuable archive of biotic responses to environmental change stretching back over 200 million years. However, to realise the full potential of this archive for (palaeo-)biology and biogeochemistry requires an understanding of the physiological processes that underpin coccosphere architecture. Using culturing experiments on four modern coccolithophore species (Calcidiscus leptoporus, Calcidiscus quadriperforatus, Helicosphaera carteri and Coccolithus braarudii) from three long-lived families, we investigate how coccosphere architecture responds to shifts from exponential (rapid cell division) to stationary (slowed cell division) growth phases as cell physiology reacts to nutrient depletion. These experiments reveal statistical differences in coccosphere size and the number of coccoliths per cell between these two growth phases, specifically that cells in exponential-phase growth are typically smaller with fewer coccoliths, whereas cells experiencing growth-limiting nutrient depletion have larger coccosphere sizes and greater numbers of coccoliths per cell. Although the exact numbers are species-specific, these growth-phase shifts in coccosphere geometry demonstrate that the core physiological responses of cells to nutrient depletion result in increased coccosphere sizes and coccoliths per cell across four different coccolithophore families (Calcidiscaceae, Coccolithaceae, Isochrysidaceae and Helicosphaeraceae), a representative diversity of this phytoplankton group. Building on this, the direct comparison of coccosphere geometries in modern and fossil coccolithophores enables a proxy for growth phase to be developed that can be used to investigate growth responses to environmental change throughout their long evolutionary history. Our data also show that changes in growth rate and coccoliths per cell associated with growth-phase shifts can substantially alter cellular calcite production. Coccosphere geometry is therefore a valuable tool for accessing growth information in the fossil record, providing unprecedented insights into the response of species to environmental change and the potential biogeochemical consequences.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF A JAVANESE TURMERIC ETHANOL EXTRACT FOR ERADICATING STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS BIOFILMS

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
DEWI FATMA SUNIARTI ◽  
AGOENG TJAHAJANI SARWONO ◽  
MARINA ROSYANA
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Growth Phases

Objective: We aimed to determine the effectiveness of an identified Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract (IIJTEE) for eradicating biofilms formed byStreptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, or both.Methods: Such biofilms during different growth phases were exposed to various concentrations of an IJTEE to determine its effects on bacterialproliferation.Results: The effectiveness of the IJTEE in eradicating the S. mutans biofilm was concentration-dependent but not when used to treat P. gingivalis andS. mutans - P. gingivalis biofilms.Conclusion: The effectiveness of the IJTEE for eradicating biofilms formed by S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and S. mutans plus P. gingivalis biofilms dependedon the growth phase of the biofilm. Thus, IJTEE eradicated biofilms formed by S. mutans, P. gingivalis, or both.

High Hydrostatic Pressure Come-Up Time and Yeast Viability

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 1657-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. PALOU ◽  
A. LÓPEZ-MALO ◽  
G. V. BARBOSA-CÁNOVAS ◽  
J. WELTI-CHANES ◽  
P. M. DAVIDSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Stationary Growth ◽  
Survival Fraction ◽  
Zygosaccharomyces Bailii ◽  
Yeast Viability ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

The effects of the come-up time at selected pressures (50 to 689 MPa) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii viability were evaluated at 21°C. For Z. bailii the effects of the water activity (aw) of the suspension media and the stage of the growth cycle were also investigated. Pressure come-up times exerted an important effect on the yeast survival fraction, decreasing counts as pressure increased. An increased sensitivity to pressure treatments was observed with yeast cells from the exponential growth phase. Lethality increased as aw of the suspension media increased. For an aw of 0.98 and cells from the stationary growth phase, pressure treatments at less than 200 MPa had no effect on Z. bailii viability; however, no survivors (<10 CFU/ml) were observed in treatments applied only for the time needed to reach pressures greater than 517 MPa. Yeast survivor curves showed an excellent fit (r > 0.996) when described by a phenomenological model based on the Fermi equation, S(P) = 1/|1 + exp[(P − Pc)/k]|, where S(P) is the survival fraction, P is the pressure, Pc is a critical pressure corresponding to 50% survival, and k is a constant representing the steepness of the curve.

Duration of the growth phase in cases of ice deposits of category SHP (spontaneous) in the territory of Ukraine in the months of the cold period of the year during 1991–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
Svitlana Pyasetska
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Ice Storms ◽  
Long Duration

The data on the duration of the growth phase of cases of ice storms of the category of SHР in the territory of Ukraine for certain periods of time during 1991–2016 in the month of the cold period of the year and the separate months of the transitional seasons are considered. It has been established that the duration of the growth phase varies from a few hours to several dozen and sometimes hundreds of hours in a row. It was found that, for the most part, slight duration of the growth phase of icing of the category of SHP is predominant. They are usually calculated several dozens of hours, but there are longer ones. The most prolonged were the growth phases in the cases of ice deposits in the category of SHP in the winter months. You can make a number of conclusions from the conducted research, such as: – The duration of the growth phase of ice-oily deposits in the category of SHP is within a fairly wide time range from several hours to tens or hundreds of hours, depending on the current conditions. – It has been established that for the most part, the duration of the growth phase of ice deposits is insignificant and lasts from several hours to several dozens of hours, regardless of the place where the sediment was formed. - Most often, longer phases of growth are observed in the months of the winter season, especially in January and December, as well as in November. This refers to the 1991–2000 and 2001–2010 periods. - The most prolonged phases of the accumulation of ice deposits of the CSF category, which exceeded 48 hours in a row, were observed during 1991-2000 in February 1995 at MS Play, November 1991 and 2000 in Lyubashivka, 1999 in Mariupol, November 2000, in Razdelna and Nova Ushytsia, December 1992 in Lyubashitsa, December 1997 in Pomechna, Kryvyi Rih and Loshkarovka. During 2001–2010, the longest phases of the increase in ice deposits of the CSF category were observed in January and December 2007 at MS Play, December 2007 in Debaltseve, 2008 in Ovruch, Vinnytsia. During 2011-2016, cases of ice deposition with such prolonged phases of an increase in ice of the SНР category were observed in Poltava in January 2013. – For cases where the duration of the growth phase of ice deposits was negligible, it would have a long duration of the preservation and destruction phase. Because due to the considerable duration of this phase, the danger of emergency situations in the ice-and-frost deposits depending on the sectors of the economy will increase.

Evaluation of Anabaena flos-aquae as a precursor for trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huang ◽  
N. Graham ◽  
M. R. Templeton ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
C. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Haloacetic Acid ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Extracellular Organic Matter ◽  
Axenic Conditions

This paper summarizes an investigation of a common blue–green algae species, Anabaena flos-aquae, as a precursor substrate in the formation of trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) compounds during chlorination. The algae were cultured under controlled and axenic conditions throughout all four growth phases and samples taken during these phases were subjected to chlorination to determine disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potentials. Algal cells and extracted extracellular organic matter (EOM) of Anabaena showed a comparable ability to form THM and HAA compounds as humic and fulvic acids. Overall yields of total THM (4) and HAA (9) compounds were closely related to the growth phase, with peak formation in the late exponential-stationary phases. Specific (normalized) DBP yields (yield/unit C) were in the range of 2–11 μmol/mmol C for TTHM and 2–17 μmol/mmol C for THAA. The presence of bromide appeared to increase TTHM formation and decrease THAA formation, thereby leading to a shift in the DBP species from HAA to THM compounds. The distribution of HAA species varied with growth phase. Monochloroacetic acid was found to be the dominant HAA species during the lag and early exponential phases, and a prominent compound in the later growth phases.

scholarly journals THE FATE OF MITOCHONDRIA DURING AGING IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

1964 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred M. Elliott ◽  
Il Jin Bak
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Stationary Growth ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Logarithmic Growth ◽  
Single Mitochondrion

During the growth cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis the mitochondria undergo changes in position, number, and structure. Ciliates in the logarithmic growth phase possess elongated mitochondria which are aligned along the plasma membrane and are closely associated with the kinetosomes and kinetodesmata. Mitochondria appear to divide across the long axis at this time, resulting in two or more products. Throughout this phase of growth mitochondrial divisions keep pace with cytokinesis so that the population of mitochondria remains at essentially the minimal level. As the ciliates enter the stationary growth phase the mitochondria increase in number, become oval to spherical in shape, and some migrate into the cytoplasm. Intramitochondrial masses of various configurations appear at this time. Some of the mitochondria lying in the cytoplasm become incorporated into vacuoles. Within these vacuoles either a single mitochondrion appears or several mitochondria may be seen along with other cytoplasmic structures. Later in the stationary growth phase the contained mitochondria are dense and the tubules are more compact than normal. Various stages in disorganization of the mitochondria are observed in a single large vacuole. Cytochemical tests reveal the presence of acid phosphatase, suggesting that hydrolysis of the vacuolar contents occurs. Lipid droplets increase in number during the middle and late stationary phase of growth. These events are interpreted as being associated with the normal process of aging in T. pyriformis.

Variability of neuD transcription levels and capsular sialic acid expression among serotype III group B Streptococcus strains

Microbiology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 157 (12) ◽  
pp. 3282-3291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Frédérique Lartigue ◽  
Agnès Fribourg Poulard ◽  
Rim Al Safadi ◽  
Hélène Pailhories ◽  
Anne-Sophie Domelier-Valentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Neonatal Meningitis ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Group B

Serotype III group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the major cause of neonatal meningitis, but the risk of infection in the colonized neonates is variable. Capsular sialic acid (Sia), whose synthesis is encoded by neu genes, appears to be a major virulence factor in several bacterial species able to reach the cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore, variations of Sia expression related to the genetic diversity of strains may have an impact on the risk of meningitis in colonized neonates. We characterized by MLST the phylogenetic diversity of 64 serotype III GBS strains isolated from vaginal flora and randomly selected. These strains mostly belonged to three major sequence types (STs): ST1 (11 %), ST17 (39 %) and ST19 (31 %). The genetic diversity of strains of these lineages, characterized by PFGE, allowed the selection of 17 representative strains, three ST1, six ST17 and eight ST19, with NEM316 as reference, in order to evaluate (i) by quantitative RT-PCR, the level of transcription of the neuD gene as a marker for the transcription of neu genes and (ii) by enzymological analysis, the expression of Sia. The mean transcription level of neuD was higher for ST17 strains than for ST1 and ST19 strains in the early, mid- and late exponential growth phases, and was maximum in the early exponential growth phase for ST17 strains and in the mid-exponential growth phase for ST1 and ST19 strains. Mean Sia concentration was higher for ST17 than for ST1 and ST9 strains in all three growth phases. For the total population, Sia concentration varied notably in the stationary phase, from 0.38 to 9.30 nmol per 108 viable bacteria, with a median value of 2.99 nmol per 108 bacteria. All ST17 strains, only one-third of the ST19 strains and none of the ST1 strains had Sia concentrations higher than the median Sia concentration. Therefore, differences in the level of expression of Sia by strains of the major serotype III GBS phylogenetic lineages might be one of the factors that explain the leading role of ST17 strains in neonatal meningitis.

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