scholarly journals Timing of triazole-based spray schedules for controlling mungbean powdery mildew in Australia: a meta-analysis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Melloy ◽  
Emerson Medeiros del Ponte ◽  
Adam H. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Podosphaera Xanthii ◽  
Yield Data

Abstract Powdery mildew (PM), caused by two fungal species, Podosphaera xanthii and Erysiphe vignae, is a yield limiting foliar disease commonly found in mungbean (Vigna radiata) cropping areas of eastern region of Australia. Effective control of PM afflicting mungbeans relies largely on fungicide applications, mainly of the triazole group. Uncertainty in the current fungicide spray schedule recommendations, which advise commencing with a spray at the first sign of PM, prompted this study to evaluate PM severity and crop yield data obtained from fungicide trials which tested spray schedules starting before (Early) or after (Late) first signs, applied singly or combined with a follow-up spray. A meta-analytic approach was employed to obtain estimates of the yield and PM severity difference between plots sprayed with specific triazole-based sprays schedules and untreated plots. From 26 trials, 15 and 14 met the criteria for inclusion in the yield and PM severity analysis respectively. The schedule with the first spray starting at first sign with a follow-up spray 14 days later, resulted in significantly lower disease severity compared to all other schedules, however, the yield protected was only numerically higher and not statistically different compared to: single-spray at first sign, single-spray Late or two-spray starting Late. While PM severity was lower in the Early sprayed plots compared to untreated plots, yield did not differ. These findings support the current recommendations and provide evidence that the first spray could be delayed up to a week and save an additional spray that may be unnecessary, thus reducing direct fungicide costs as well as indirect costs due to fungicide resistance.

Timing of Triazole-Based Spray Schedules for Managing Mungbean Powdery Mildew in Australia: a Meta-Analysis

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Melloy ◽  
Emerson Medeiros Del Ponte ◽  
Adam H. Henry Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Yield Data

Powdery mildew (PM), caused by two fungal species, Podosphaera xanthii and Erysiphe vignae, is a yield limiting foliar disease commonly found in mungbean (Vigna radiata) cropping areas of eastern region of Australia. Effective control of the disease relies largely on fungicide applications, mainly of the triazole group. Uncertainty in the current fungicide spray schedule recommendations, which advise commencing with a spray at the first signs of PM, prompted this study to evaluate PM severity and crop yield data obtained from fungicide trials which also tested spray schedules starting before (early) or after (late) first signs, applied singly or combined with a follow-up spray. A meta-analytic approach was employed to obtain mean differences of the PM severity and crop yield between plots sprayed with specific triazole-based spray schedules and nontreated plots. From 26 trials, 14 and 15 met the criteria for inclusion in the respective PM severity and yield analyses. The schedule with the first spray starting at first sign, with a follow-up spray 14 days later, resulted in significantly lower disease severity compared to all other schedules. However, the yield protected was only numerically higher and not statistically different compared to: single-spray at first sign, single-spray late or two-spray starting late. PM severity and yield in the early sprayed plots did not differ from the nontreated plots. These findings support the current recommendations and provide additional evidence that yields are still protected when delaying the first spray up to a week after disease onset. They also suggest that additional sprays may not always be necessary, thus reducing direct fungicide costs, indirect costs due to fungicide insensitivity and potential adverse effects to the environment.

scholarly journals Transgenic Expression of the Functional Fragment Hpa110-42 of the Harpin Protein Hpa1 Imparts Enhanced Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Defu Wang ◽  
Yajun Wang ◽  
Maoqiang Fu ◽  
Shuyuan Mu ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Rice Bacterial Blight ◽  
Harpin Protein ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Bacterial Blight Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Powdery mildew, one of devastating diseases of wheat worldwide, is caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici, a fungal species with constant population changes, which often poses challenges in disease management with host resistance. Transgenic approaches that utilize broad-spectrum resistance may limit changes of pathogen populations and contribute to effective control of the disease. The harpin protein Hpa1, produced by the rice bacterial blight pathogen, can induce resistance to bacterial blight and blast in rice. The fragment comprising residues 10 through 42 of Hpa1, Hpa110-42, is reportedly three- to eightfold more effective than the full-length protein. This study evaluated the transgenic expression of the Hpa110-42 gene for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat caused by E. graminis f. sp. tritici. Nine Hpa110-42 transgenic wheat lines were generated. The genomic integration of Hpa110-42 was confirmed, and expression of the transgene was detected at different levels in the individual transgenic lines. Following inoculation with the E. graminis f. sp. tritici isolate Egt15 in the greenhouse, five transgenic lines had significantly higher levels of resistance to powdery mildew compared with nontransformed plants. Thus, transgenic expression of Hpa110-42 conferred resistance to one isolate of E. graminis f. sp. tritici in wheat in the greenhouse.

First Report of Resistance to Boscalid in Podosphaera xanthii, Cucurbit Powdery Mildew, in South Carolina

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Gabriel Rennberger ◽  
Chandrasekar S. Kousik
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Podosphaera Xanthii ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays ◽  
Cucurbit Powdery Mildew

Resistance to boscalid, one of the older succinate-dehydrogenase inhibitors (SHDI) in Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 7, was detected in Podosphaera xanthii, the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus, in South Carolina in July 2017. Resistance to the field rate (682 ppm) of boscalid was confirmed in greenhouse experiments and laboratory bioassays conducted on summer squash plants and cotyledons, respectively, that had been treated with a range of boscalid concentrations. This report is the first documentation of resistance to boscalid in P. xanthii in the southern United States.

scholarly journals First Report of Resistance to Cyflufenamid in Podosphaera xanthii, Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew, from Melon and Zucchini Fields in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1581-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pirondi ◽  
I. M. Nanni ◽  
A. Brunelli ◽  
M. Collina
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Podosphaera Xanthii ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Action Committee

The fungicide cyflufenamid (phenyl-acetamide, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee [FRAC] code U6) was approved for use in Italy in 2011 as Takumi (Certis Europe, Utrecht, The Netherlands) to control Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun. & N. Shishkoff, the main causal agent of cucurbit powdery mildew. Considering that strains of this pathogen have developed resistance to strobilurin (5) and demethylation inhibitor (DMI) (4) fungicides, cyflufenamid represented a viable alternative to control this disease. However, this fungicide is also prone to resistance development as illustrated by resistance of P. xanthii in Japan (3). In the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons, significant declines in cyflufenamid efficacy were observed in two experimental fields in the Apulia (AP) and Emilia-Romagna (ER) regions of Italy on Cucumis melo and Cucurbita pepo, respectively. Takumi had been applied four times at the recommended field rate of 0.15 liter/ha (15 μg/ml of active ingredient [a.i.]) each growing season since 2010 in each field. Powdery mildew-infected leaf samples were collected in 2012 from both fields (25 isolates from AP and 19 from ER), and from five gardens (one isolate per garden); while in 2013, samples were collected only from the ER field (two polyconidial isolates). Isolates were maintained on detached zucchini cotyledons (1). Sensitivity of the isolates to cyflufenamid was determined by leaf disk bioassays (4) using Takumi at 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 20, and 50 μg a.i./ml. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were calculated (2). Isolates collected in ER and the gardens in 2012 all had an EC50< 0.01 μg/ml, and the MIC ranged from <0.01 to <1 μg/ml. Isolates from AP in 2012 had elevated EC50 values, from 0.230 to >50 μg/ml, and MIC values from <10 to >50 μg/ml; by 2013, the EC50 values of ER isolates ranged from 3.35 to >50 μg/ml. Based on the mean EC50 value of 0.0019 μg/ml for sensitive isolates of P. xanthii in Japan (2), isolates from both the ER field and gardens in 2012 were considered sensitive to cyflufenamid. Additionally, EC50 values of AP isolates from 2012 and ER isolates from 2013 were greater than those of sensitive isolates, indicating a shift in sensitivity toward resistance to cyflufenamid (resistance factor >100 [2]). Consequently, poor control of powdery mildew with cyflufenamid applications in the AP and ER trials was most likely a result of fungicide resistance. Isolates from these fields were exposed to selection pressure for fungicide resistance because cyflufenamid was applied more times than permitted in the label instructions. However, control of powdery mildew in 2013 was not as effective as in previous years in commercial fields in AP (C. Dongiovanni, personal communication). This observation, combined with proof of reduced sensitivity of some P. xanthii strains in Italy to cyflufenamid, highlights the need for implementing resistance management strategies to minimize the risk of fungicide resistant strains developing in cucurbit fields. References: (1) B. Álvarez and J. A. Torés. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 23:283, 1997. (2) M. Haramoto et al. J. Pest. Sci. 31:397, 2006. (3) H. Hosokawa et al. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 72:260, 2006. (4) M. T. McGrath et al. Plant Dis. 80:697, 1996. (5) M. T. McGrath and N. Shishkoff. Plant. Dis. 87:1007, 2003.

scholarly journals Gene Mining for Conserved, Non-Annotated Proteins of Podosphaera xanthii Identifies Novel Target Candidates for Controlling Powdery Mildews by Spray-Induced Gene Silencing

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Laura Ruiz-Jiménez ◽  
Álvaro Polonio ◽  
Alejandra Vielba-Fernández ◽  
Alejandro Pérez-García ◽  
Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Podosphaera Xanthii ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽  
Rnai Technology ◽  
Chemical Companies

The powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important limiting factors for cucurbit production worldwide. Despite the significant efforts made by breeding and chemical companies, effective control of this pathogen remains elusive to growers. In this work, we examined the suitability of RNAi technology called spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew. Using leaf disc and cotyledon infiltration assays, we tested the efficacy of dsRNA applications to induce gene silencing in P. xanthii. Furthermore, to identify new target candidate genes, we analyzed sixty conserved and non-annotated proteins (CNAPs) deduced from the P. xanthii transcriptome in silico. Six proteins presumably involved in essential functions, specifically respiration (CNAP8878, CNAP9066, CNAP10905 and CNAP30520), glycosylation (CNAP1048) and efflux transport (CNAP948), were identified. Functional analysis of these CNAP coding genes by dsRNA-induced gene silencing resulted in strong silencing phenotypes with large reductions in fungal growth and disease symptoms. Due to their important contributions to fungal development, the CNAP1048, CNAP10905 and CNAP30520 genes were selected as targets to conduct SIGS assays under plant growth chamber conditions. The spray application of these dsRNAs induced high levels of disease control, supporting that SIGS could be a sustainable approach to combat powdery mildew diseases.

Mechanical thrombectomy in pediatric stroke: systematic review, individual patient data meta-analysis, and case series

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 558-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik Bhatia ◽  
Hans Kortman ◽  
Christopher Blair ◽  
Geoffrey Parker ◽  
David Brunacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Mechanical Thrombectomy ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Neurological Outcomes

OBJECTIVEThe role of mechanical thrombectomy in pediatric acute ischemic stroke is uncertain, despite extensive evidence of benefit in adults. The existing literature consists of several recent small single-arm cohort studies, as well as multiple prior small case series and case reports. Published reports of pediatric cases have increased markedly since 2015, after the publication of the positive trials in adults. The recent AHA/ASA Scientific Statement on this issue was informed predominantly by pre-2015 case reports and identified several knowledge gaps, including how young a child may undergo thrombectomy. A repeat systematic review and meta-analysis is warranted to help guide therapeutic decisions and address gaps in knowledge.METHODSUsing PRISMA-IPD guidelines, the authors performed a systematic review of the literature from 1999 to April 2019 and individual patient data meta-analysis, with 2 independent reviewers. An additional series of 3 cases in adolescent males from one of the authors’ centers was also included. The primary outcomes were the rate of good long-term (mRS score 0–2 at final follow-up) and short-term (reduction in NIHSS score by ≥ 8 points or NIHSS score 0–1 at up to 24 hours post-thrombectomy) neurological outcomes following mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke in patients < 18 years of age. The secondary outcome was the rate of successful angiographic recanalization (mTICI score 2b/3).RESULTSThe authors’ review yielded 113 cases of mechanical thrombectomy in 110 pediatric patients. Although complete follow-up data are not available for all patients, 87 of 96 (90.6%) had good long-term neurological outcomes (mRS score 0–2), 55 of 79 (69.6%) had good short-term neurological outcomes, and 86 of 98 (87.8%) had successful angiographic recanalization (mTICI score 2b/3). Death occurred in 2 patients and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in 1 patient. Sixteen published thrombectomy cases were identified in children < 5 years of age.CONCLUSIONSMechanical thrombectomy may be considered for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (ICA terminus, M1, basilar artery) in patients aged 1–18 years (Level C evidence; Class IIb recommendation). The existing evidence base is likely affected by selection and publication bias. A prospective multinational registry is recommended as the next investigative step.

Exercise interventions in lateral elbow tendinopathy have better outcomes than passive interventions, but the effects are small: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 2123 subjects in 30 trials

2020 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-102525
Author(s):  
Stefanos Karanasios ◽  
Vasileios Korakakis ◽  
Rod Whiteley ◽  
Ioannis Vasilogeorgis ◽  
Sarah Woodbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lateral Elbow ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Wait And See ◽  
Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of exercise compared with other conservative interventions in the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) on pain and function.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe used the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 2 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to assess risk of bias and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology to grade the certainty of evidence. Self-perceived improvement, pain intensity, pain-free grip strength (PFGS) and elbow disability were used as primary outcome measures.Eligibility criteriaRCTs assessing the effectiveness of exercise alone or as an additive intervention compared with passive interventions, wait-and-see or injections in patients with LET.Results30 RCTs (2123 participants, 5 comparator interventions) were identified. Exercise outperformed (low certainty) corticosteroid injections in all outcomes at all time points except short-term pain reduction. Clinically significant differences were found in PFGS at short-term (mean difference (MD): 12.15, (95% CI) 1.69 to 22.6), mid-term (MD: 22.45, 95% CI 3.63 to 41.3) and long-term follow-up (MD: 18, 95% CI 11.17 to 24.84). Statistically significant differences (very low certainty) for exercise compared with wait-and-see were found only in self-perceived improvement at short-term, pain reduction and elbow disability at short-term and long-term follow-up. Substantial heterogeneity in descriptions of equipment, load, duration and frequency of exercise programmes were evident.ConclusionsLow and very low certainty evidence suggests exercise is effective compared with passive interventions with or without invasive treatment in LET, but the effect is small.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018082703.

scholarly journals P34 Characteristics, diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis

BJS Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Hee Koh ◽  
Danyal Z Khan ◽  
Ronneil Digpal ◽  
Hugo Layard Horsfall ◽  
Hani J Marcus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Pituitary Surgery ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction The clinical practice and research in the diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease remains heterogeneous and challenging to this day. We sought to establish the characteristics of Cushing’s disease, and the trends in diagnosis, management and reporting in this field. Methods Searches of PubMed and Embase were conducted. Study protocol was registered a-priori. Random-effects analyses were conducted to establish numerical estimates. Results Our screening returned 159 papers. The average age of adult patients with Cushing’s disease was 39.3, and 13.6 for children. The male:female ratio was 1:3. 8% of patients had undergone previous transsphenoidal resection. The ratio of macroadenomas: microadenomas:imaging-undetectable adenomas was 18:53:29. The most commonly reported preoperative biochemical investigations were serum cortisol (average 26.4µg/dL) and ACTH (77.5pg/dL). Postoperative cortisol was most frequently used to define remission (74.8%), most commonly with threshold of 5µg/dL (44.8%). Average remission rates were 77.8% with recurrence rate of 13.9%. Median follow-up was 38 months. Majority of papers reported age (81.9%) and sex (79.4%). Only 56.6% reported whether their patients had previous pituitary surgery. 45.3% reported whether their adenomas were macroadenoma, microadenoma or undetectable. Only 24.1% reported preoperative cortisol, and this did not improve over time. 60.4% reported numerical thresholds for cortisol in defining remission, and this improved significantly over time (p = 0.004). Visual inspection of bubbleplots showed increasing preference for threshold of 5µg/dL. 70.4% reported the length of follow up. Conclusion We quantified the characteristics of Cushing’s disease, and analysed the trends in investigation and reporting. This review may help to inform future efforts in forming guidelines for research and clinical practice.

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