scholarly journals New insight into post-seismic landslide evolution processes in the tropics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Tanyas ◽  
Dalia Kirschbaum ◽  
Tolga Gorum ◽  
Cees van Westen ◽  
Luigi Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Evolution ◽  
Seismic Landslide ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals New Insight into Post-seismic Landslide Evolution Processes in the Tropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Tanyaş ◽  
Dalia Kirschbaum ◽  
Tolga Görüm ◽  
Cees J. van Westen ◽  
Luigi Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Landslide Evolution ◽  
Landslide Processes ◽  
Seismic Landslide ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Tropics

Earthquakes do not only trigger landslides in co-seismic phases but also elevate post-seismic landslide susceptibility either by causing a strength reduction in hillslope materials or by producing co-seismic landslide deposits, which are prone to further remobilization under the external forces generated by subsequent rainfall events. However, we still have limited observations regarding the post-seismic landslide processes. And, the examined cases are rarely representative of tropical conditions where the precipitation regime is strong and persistent. Therefore, in this study, we introduce three new sets of multi-temporal landslide inventories associated with subsets of the areas affected by 1) 2016 Reuleuet (Indonesia, Mw = 6.5), 2) 2018 Porgera (Papua New Guinea, Mw = 7.5) and 3) 2012 Sulawesi (Indonesia, Mw = 6.3), 2017 Kasiguncu (Indonesia, Mw = 6.6) and 2018 Palu (Indonesia, Mw = 7.5) earthquakes. Overall, our findings show that the landslide susceptibility level associated with the occurrences of new landslides return to pre-seismic conditions in less than a year in the study areas under consideration. We stress that these observations might not be representative of the entire area affected by these earthquakes but the areal boundaries of our study areas.

scholarly journals Linking global terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes and environmental drivers: inferences from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 satellite and terrestrial biospheric models

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 6663-6680
Author(s):  
Zichong Chen ◽  
Junjie Liu ◽  
Daven K. Henze ◽  
Deborah N. Huntzinger ◽  
Kelley C. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Process Understanding ◽  
Large Spread ◽  
Ensemble Mean ◽  
Environmental Driver ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Observations from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite have been used to estimate CO2 fluxes in many regions of the globe and provide new insight into the global carbon cycle. The objective of this study is to infer the relationships between patterns in OCO-2 observations and environmental drivers (e.g., temperature, precipitation) and therefore inform a process understanding of carbon fluxes using OCO-2. We use a multiple regression and inverse model, and the regression coefficients quantify the relationships between observations from OCO-2 and environmental driver datasets within individual years for 2015–2018 and within seven global biomes. We subsequently compare these inferences to the relationships estimated from 15 terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) that participated in the TRENDY model inter-comparison. Using OCO-2, we are able to quantify only a limited number of relationships between patterns in atmospheric CO2 observations and patterns in environmental driver datasets (i.e., 10 out of the 42 relationships examined). We further find that the ensemble of TBMs exhibits a large spread in the relationships with these key environmental driver datasets. The largest uncertainty in the models is in the relationship with precipitation, particularly in the tropics, with smaller uncertainties for temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Using observations from OCO-2, we find that precipitation is associated with increased CO2 uptake in all tropical biomes, a result that agrees with half of the TBMs. By contrast, the relationships that we infer from OCO-2 for temperature and PAR are similar to the ensemble mean of the TBMs, though the results differ from many individual TBMs. These results point to the limitations of current space-based observations for inferring environmental relationships but also indicate the potential to help inform key relationships that are very uncertain in state-of-the-art TBMs.

scholarly journals The origin, supply chain, and deforestation risk of Brazil’s beef exports

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (50) ◽  
pp. 31770-31779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erasmus K. H. J. zu Ermgassen ◽  
Javier Godar ◽  
Michael J. Lathuillière ◽  
Pernilla Löfgren ◽  
Toby Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Spatially Explicit Data ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Though the international trade in agricultural commodities is worth more than $1.6 trillion/year, we still have a poor understanding of the supply chains connecting places of production and consumption and the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of this trade. In this study, we provide a wall-to-wall subnational map of the origin and supply chain of Brazilian meat, offal, and live cattle exports from 2015 to 2017, a trade worth more than $5.4 billion/year. Brazil is the world’s largest beef exporter, exporting approximately one-fifth of its production, and the sector has a notable environmental footprint, linked to one-fifth of all commodity-driven deforestation across the tropics. By combining official per-shipment trade records, slaughterhouse export licenses, subnational agricultural statistics, and data on the origin of cattle per slaughterhouse, we mapped the flow of cattle from more than 2,800 municipalities where cattle were raised to 152 exporting slaughterhouses where they were slaughtered, via the 204 exporting and 3,383 importing companies handling that trade, and finally to 152 importing countries. We find stark differences in the subnational origin of the sourcing of different actors and link this supply chain mapping to spatially explicit data on cattle-associated deforestation, to estimate the “deforestation risk” (in hectares/year) of each supply chain actor over time. Our results provide an unprecedented insight into the global trade of a deforestation-risk commodity and demonstrate the potential for improved supply chain transparency based on currently available data.

Use of near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on changes in leucaena leucocephala and calliandra sp. Incubated in vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 120-120
Author(s):  
S.J. Lister ◽  
R. Sanderson ◽  
M.S. Dhanoa ◽  
E.M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Difference Spectra ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Insight Into

Browse legumes are an important source of fodder for ruminants throughout the tropics. However, the presence of certain anti-nutritive factors may reduce intake and hinder the utilisation of these fodders by livestock and more information relating to their nutritional characteristics is required before they can be utilised effectively. NIR has generally been used as a quantitative tool to predict chemical composition but the use of detailed NIR spectra in qualitative analysis may provide some insight into differences between forages or forages which have been chemically treated. The objective of this work was to use NIR difference spectra to examine two tropical forages legumes, Leucaena and Calliandra, which contain different amounts of condensed tannins and to investigate whether in vitro digestion of the legumes may be enhanced by incubating in the presence of PEG, to counteract some of the anti-nutritive properties associated wim polyphenolics.

scholarly journals Expression of Gibberellin Metabolism Genes and Signalling Components in Dwarf Phenotype of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Plants Growing on Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) Rootstocks

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 634
Author(s):  
Yuchan Zhou ◽  
Steven J. R. Underhill
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Dwarf Phenotype ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Della Proteins ◽  
Gibberellin Metabolism ◽  
Catabolic Genes ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Size Controlling

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple tree crop throughout the tropics. The species is an evergreen tree 15–20 m; there are currently no size-controlling rootstocks within the species. Through interspecific grafting, a dwarf phenotype was identified in breadfruit plants growing on Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) rootstocks, which displayed ~60% reduction in plant height with ~80% shorter internodes. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism underlying rootstock-induced dwarfing, we investigated the involvement of gibberellin (GA) in reduction of stem elongation. Expression of GA metabolism genes was analysed in the period from 18 to 24 months after grafting. In comparison to self-graft and non-graft, scion stems on marang rootstocks displayed decrease in expression of a GA biosynthetic gene, AaGA20ox3, and increase in expression of a GA catabolic genes, AaGA2ox1, in the tested 6-month period. Increased accumulation of DELLA proteins (GA-signalling repressors) was found in scion stems growing on marang rootstocks, together with an increased expression of a DELLA gene, AaDELLA1. Exogenous GA treatment was able to restore the stem elongation rate and the internode length of scions growing on marang rootstocks. The possibility that GA deficiency forms a component of the mechanism underlying rootstock-induced breadfruit dwarfing is discussed.

scholarly journals The origin, supply chain, and deforestation footprint of Brazil's beef exports.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erasmus K.H.J. Zu Ermgassen ◽  
Javier Godar ◽  
Michael J Lathuillière ◽  
Pernilla Löfgren ◽  
Toby Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
First Wall ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Spatially Explicit Data ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Though the international trade in agricultural commodities is worth more than $1.6 trillion/year (1), we still have a poor understanding of the supply chains connecting places of production and consumption and the socio-economic and environmental impacts of this trade (2). In this study, we provide the first wall-to-wall subnational map of the origin and supply chain of Brazilian meat, offal, and live cattle exports from 2015 to 20 17, a trade worth more than $5.4 billion/year. Brazil is the world's largest beef exporter, exporting approximately one-fifth of its production, and the sector has a notable environmental footprint linked to one-fifth of all commodity-driven deforestation across the tropics (3). By combining official per-shipment trade records, slaughterhouse export licenses, subnational agricultural statistics, and data on the origin of cattle per slaughterhouse, we mapped the flow of cattle from more than 2,900 municipalities where cattle were raised to 152 exporting slaughterhouses where they were slaughtered, via the 202 exporting and 2,630 importing companies handling that trade, and finally to 151 importing countries. We find stark differences in the subnational origin of the sourcing of different actors and link this supply chain mapping to spatially explicit data on cattle-associated deforestation, to estimate the 'deforestation risk' (in hectares/year) of each supply chain actor over time. Our results provide an unprecedented insight into the global trade of a deforestation-risk commodity.

scholarly journals Comparative analyses of sooty mould communities from Brazil and Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne Flessa ◽  
Janno Harjes ◽  
Marcela E. S. Cáceres ◽  
Gerhard Rambold
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Community Group ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sooty Mould ◽  
Caatinga Vegetation ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractTo gain an insight into fungal sooty mould communities on leaves of trees and shrubs in the tropics and in temperate regions, 47 biofilms of the Mata Atlântica rainforest relic and the Caatinga vegetation in the state of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil, and from Central European colline and alpine zones were compared. The four sampling sites clearly differed in composition of their epiphyllous fungal communities. The fungal OTUs from all sites belonged mainly to the Ascomycota, with Dothideomycetes being the dominant class. The core community group consisted of a few site-specific representatives in co-occurrence with the ubiquitous Mycosphaerella tassiana and Aureobasidium pullulans. Most species of the core community were dark pigmented and were accompanied by facultative unpigmented or lightly pigmented species. Among the cultivable fungal species, the proportion of melanised species was significantly more abundant in samples from the two European sites, which supports the theory of thermal melanism. The identity of the host plant had a stronger impact on fungal community composition than the presence of sap-feeding insects.

Calibration problems in hydrogen luminosities

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 322-330
Author(s):  
A. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Structure ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Insight Into

The investigations which I should like to summarize in this paper concern recent photo-electric luminosity determinations of O and B stars. Their final aim has been the derivation of new stellar distances, and some insight into certain patterns of galactic structure.

Stochasting modeling of planetary ring systems

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Ring System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Ultimate State ◽  
Interparticle Interactions ◽  
Ring Systems ◽  
First Order ◽  
Planetary Ring ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTThis paper models maximum entropy configurations of idealized gravitational ring systems. Such configurations are of interest because systems generally evolve toward an ultimate state of maximum randomness. For simplicity, attention is confined to ultimate states for which interparticle interactions are no longer of first order importance. The planets, in their orbits about the sun, are one example of such a ring system. The extent to which the present approximation yields insight into ring systems such as Saturn's is explored briefly.

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