scholarly journals Social Exclusion Enhances Affiliative Signalling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Carl Philipp ◽  
Michael Bernstein ◽  
Eric John Vanman ◽  
Lucy Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Exclusion Condition ◽  
Zygomaticus Major ◽  
Better Than

Reciprocating others’ smiles is important for maintaining social connections as it both signals affiliative to others and also elicits affiliative reactions from others. Feelings of social exclusion may increase affiliative mimicry to improve affiliative bonds with others. In this study we examined whether social exclusion leads people to selectively mimic the facial expressions of more affiliative-looking smiles. Participants (N=48) first wrote about either a time they were excluded or a neutral event. They then classified a series of 20 smiling faces–half spontaneous enjoyment smiles and half posed smiles. Facial electromyography recorded muscle activity involved in smiling. Excluded participants distinguished the two smile types better than controls. Excluded participants also showed greater zygomaticus major (mouth smiling) activity toward enjoyment smiles compared to posed smiled; control participants did not. Orbicularis oculi (eye crinkle) activity matched that of the smile type viewed, but did not vary by exclusion condition. Affiliative social regulation is discussed as a possible explanation for these effects.

scholarly journals What do facial expressions of emotion express in young children? The relationship between facial display and EMG measures

2014 ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
Michela Balconi ◽  
Giovanni Lecci ◽  
Verdiana Trapletti
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Facial Behavior ◽  
Psychophysiological Correlates ◽  
Expression Of Emotions ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Facial Response ◽  
The Relationship

The present paper explored the relationship between emotional facial response and electromyographic modulation in children when they observe facial expression of emotions. Facial responsiveness (evaluated by arousal and valence ratings) and psychophysiological correlates (facial electromyography, EMG) were analyzed when children looked at six facial expressions of emotions (happiness, anger, fear, sadness, surprise and disgust). About EMG measure, corrugator and zygomatic muscle activity was monitored in response to different emotional types. ANOVAs showed differences for both EMG and facial response across the subjects, as a function of different emotions. Specifically, some emotions were well expressed by all the subjects (such as happiness, anger and fear) in terms of high arousal, whereas some others were less level arousal (such as sadness). Zygomatic activity was increased mainly for happiness, from one hand, corrugator activity was increased mainly for anger, fear and surprise, from the other hand. More generally, EMG and facial behavior were highly correlated each other, showing a "mirror" effect with respect of the observed faces.

scholarly journals Associations between Cognitive Concepts of Self and Emotional Facial Expressions with an Emphasis on Emotion Awareness

Psych ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Peter Walla ◽  
Aimee Mavratzakis
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Self ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Emotional Pictures

Recognising our own and others’ emotions is vital for healthy social development. The aim of the current study was to determine how emotions related to the self or to another influence behavioural expressions of emotion. Facial electromyography (EMG) was used to record spontaneous facial muscle activity in nineteen participants while they passively viewed negative, positive and neutral emotional pictures during three blocks of referential instructions. Each participant imagined themself, another person or no one experiencing the emotional scenario, with the priming words “You”, “Him” or “None” presented before each picture for the respective block of instructions. Emotion awareness (EA) was also recorded using the TAS-20 alexithymia questionnaire. Corrugator supercilii (cs) muscle activity increased significantly between 500 and 1000 ms post stimulus onset during negative and neutral picture presentations, regardless of ownership. Independent of emotion, cs activity was greatest during the “no one” task and lowest during the “self” task from less than 250 to 1000 ms. Interestingly, the degree of cs activation during referential tasks was further modulated by EA. Low EA corresponded to significantly stronger cs activity overall compared with high EA, and this effect was even more pronounced during the “no one” task. The findings suggest that cognitive processes related to the perception of emotion ownership can influence spontaneous facial muscle activity, but that a greater degree of integration between higher cognitive and lower affective levels of information may interrupt or suppress these behavioural expressions of emotion.

scholarly journals Mask wearing increases eye involvement during smiling: a facial EMG study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuntaro Okazaki ◽  
Haruna Yamanami ◽  
Fumika Nakagawa ◽  
Nozomi Takuwa ◽  
Keith James Kawabata Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Know How ◽  
Facial Emg ◽  
Eye Involvement ◽  
Depressor Anguli Oris ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

AbstractThe use of face masks has become ubiquitous. Although mask wearing is a convenient way to reduce the spread of disease, it is important to know how the mask affects our communication via facial expression. For example, when we are wearing the mask and meet a friend, are our facial expressions different compared to when we are not? We investigated the effect of face mask wearing on facial expression, including the area around the eyes. We measured surface electromyography from zygomaticus major, orbicularis oculi, and depressor anguli oris muscles, when people smiled and talked with or without a mask. Only the actions of the orbicularis oculi were facilitated by wearing the mask. We thus concluded that mask wearing may increase the recruitment of the eyes during smiling. In other words, we can express joy and happiness even when wearing a face mask.

scholarly journals Does Social Exclusion Improve Detection of Real and Fake Smiles? A Replication Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Martin Trede
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Exclusion Condition ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Highly Cited

Research on social exclusion suggests an increased attention of excluded persons to subtle social cues. In one study (N = 32), published in Psychological Science, Bernstein et al. (2008) provided evidence for this idea by showing that participants in the social exclusion condition were better in correctly categorizing a target person’s smile as real or fake. Although highly cited, this finding has never been directly replicated. The present study aimed to fill that gap. 201 participants (79.1% female) were randomly assigned to a social exclusion, social inclusion or control condition. Next, participants watched 20 videos of smiling persons and rated whether they show a real or a fake smile. In line with the original study, results showed that participants in the exclusion condition performed better than in the control condition. However, the performance did not differ between the exclusion and inclusion condition—although the pattern was in the predicted direction. In sum, the findings of our study increase rather than decrease confidence in the validity of the investigated idea, but results point to a substantially smaller effect.

scholarly journals Eyes Compensate Smile When Wearing Mask

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuntaro Okazaki ◽  
Haruna Yamanami ◽  
Fumika Nakagawa ◽  
Nozomi Takuwa ◽  
Keith James Duncan Kawabata
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Know How ◽  
Depressor Anguli Oris ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

Abstract The use of face masks has become ubiquitous. Although mask wearing is a convenient way to reduce the spread of disease, it is important to know how the mask affects our communication via facial expression. For example, when we are wearing the mask and meet a friend, are our facial expressions different compared to when we are not? We investigated the effect of face mask wearing on facial expression, including the area around the eyes. We measured surface electromyography from zygomaticus major, orbicularis oculi, and depressor anguli oris, when people smiled and talked with or without the mask. We found that only orbicularis oculi were facilitated by wearing the mask. We thus concluded that mask wearing increases the use of eye smiling as a form of communication. In other words, we can express joy and happiness even when wearing the mask using eye smiling.

scholarly journals Acting Surprised: Comparing Perceptions of Different Dynamic Deliberate Expressions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mircea Zloteanu ◽  
Eva G. Krumhuber ◽  
Daniel C. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Affective State ◽  
External Condition ◽  
Internal Condition ◽  
Minimal Effort ◽  
Better Than

AbstractPeople are accurate at classifying emotions from facial expressions but much poorer at determining if such expressions are spontaneously felt or deliberately posed. We explored if the method used by senders to produce an expression influences the decoder’s ability to discriminate authenticity, drawing inspiration from two well-known acting techniques: the Stanislavski (internal) and Mimic method (external). We compared spontaneous surprise expressions in response to a jack-in-the-box (genuine condition), to posed displays of senders who either focused on their past affective state (internal condition) or the outward expression (external condition). Although decoders performed better than chance at discriminating the authenticity of all expressions, their accuracy was lower in classifying external surprise compared to internal surprise. Decoders also found it harder to discriminate external surprise from spontaneous surprise and were less confident in their decisions, perceiving these to be similarly intense but less genuine-looking. The findings suggest that senders are capable of voluntarily producing genuine-looking expressions of emotions with minimal effort, especially by mimicking a genuine expression. Implications for research on emotion recognition are discussed.

scholarly journals How the Entertaining Effects of Movies Help People to Reduce Chronic Stress and Increase Happiness

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Zhesheng (Jason) Xu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entertainment Industry ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Emotional Event ◽  
Scientific Experiments

With the increasing stress from work and study that people face today, easy-to-access entertainment to release chronic stress and increase happiness would arouse more popularity. As a traditional entertainment industry, Movie is easy to access by going to the cinema or watching online, which has become an increasingly globalized business. The present research was on how the entertaining effects of movies are associated with psychological well-being. It provides a study on three film types, comedies, tearjerkers, and thrilling movies. Comic movies are usually welcome, which bring people happiness by funny plots. Moreover, many scientific experiments made before verified that people will unconsciously mimic the facial expressions of characters in comedies, which turns out to affect the experience of the same emotion of happiness through the integration between the body and brain. Tearjerkers may bring people tears. However, an experiment made by Gracˇanin, Vingerhoets, Kardum, Šantek,& Šimic´ (2015), provided evidence that after the initial deterioration of mood following crying, it takes some time for the mood, not just to recover, but also to become even less negative than before the emotional event. Per Sapolsky, R.M, scary and thrilling movies generate moderate glucocorticoid elevation, which turns out to trigger the release of dopamine from pleasure pathways and gain a sense of anticipatory pleasure. Besides the above mentioned, there are also general benefits of movies, such as social connections, a distraction from worries, and increased flow. All of those make movies good activities to reduce chronic stress and increase happiness.

scholarly journals A comparison of the Affectiva iMotions Facial Expression Analysis Software with EMG for identifying facial expressions of emotion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Kulke ◽  
Dennis Feyerabend ◽  
Annekathrin Schacht
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Facial Expression Analysis ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Recognition Software ◽  
Human Faces

Human faces express emotions, informing others about their affective states. In order to measure expressions of emotion, facial Electromyography (EMG) has widely been used, requiring electrodes and technical equipment. More recently, emotion recognition software has been developed that detects emotions from video recordings of human faces. However, its validity and comparability to EMG measures is unclear. The aim of the current study was to compare the Affectiva Affdex emotion recognition software by iMotions with EMG measurements of the zygomaticus mayor and corrugator supercilii muscle, concerning its ability to identify happy, angry and neutral faces. Twenty participants imitated these facial expressions while videos and EMG were recorded. Happy and angry expressions were detected by both the software and by EMG above chance, while neutral expressions were more often falsely identified as negative by EMG compared to the software. Overall, EMG and software values correlated highly. In conclusion, Affectiva Affdex software can identify emotions and its results are comparable to EMG findings.

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