scholarly journals Empathy and schadenfreude in human–robot teams

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorina de Jong ◽  
Ruud Hortensius ◽  
Te-Yi Hsieh ◽  
Emily S. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Team Identification ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Competitive Reaction ◽  
Total N ◽  
Robot Teams ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
Intergroup Biases

Intergroup dynamics shape the ways in which we interact with other people. We feel more empathy towards ingroup members compared to outgroup members, and can even feel pleasure when an outgroup member experiences misfortune, known as schadenfreude. Here, we test the extent to which these intergroup biases emerge during interactions with robots. We measured trial-by-trial fluctuations in emotional reactivity to the outcome of a competitive reaction time game to assess both empathy and schadenfreude in arbitrary human-human and human-robot teams. Across four experiments (total n = 361), we observed a consistent empathy and schadenfreude bias driven by team membership. People felt more empathy towards ingroup members than outgroup members and more schadenfreude towards outgroup members. The existence of an intergroup bias did not depend on the nature of the agent: the same effects were observed for human-human and human–robot teams. People reported similar levels of empathy and schadenfreude towards a human and robot player. The human likeness of the robot did not consistently influence this intergroup bias, however, similar empathy and schadenfreude biases were observed for both humanoid and mechanical robots. For all teams, this bias was influenced by the level of team identification; individuals who identified more with their team showed stronger intergroup empathy and schadenfreude bias. Together, we show that similar intergroup dynamics that shape our interactions with people can also shape interactions with robots. Our results highlight the importance of taking intergroup biases into account when examining social dynamics of human-robot interactions.

scholarly journals The Association between Temperament, Chronotype, Depressive Symptoms, and Disease Activity among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Łukasz Mokros ◽  
Danuta Domżał-Magrowska ◽  
Tadeusz Pietras ◽  
Kasper Sipowicz ◽  
Renata Talar-Wojnarowska
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Mayo Score ◽  
Sensitivity Score

The psychological aspect may play an important role in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). The aims of this study were to explore the differences between patients with UC and CD regarding chronotype, temperament and depression, and to assess the psychological factors mentioned as predictors of disease activity. In total, n = 37 patients with UC and n = 47 patients with CD were included in the study. They underwent a clinical assessment, including the Mayo score or Crohn Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and completed questionnaires: a sociodemographic survey, Formal Characteristics of Behavior–Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI), Chronotype Questionnaire (CQ), and the Beck Depression Index II (BDI). The Sensory Sensitivity score was higher among patients with CD than UC (p = 0.04). The emotional reactivity and endurance scores were higher among women than men with CD (p = 0.028 and p = 0.012 respectively). CQ Morningness–Eveningness (ME) correlated with Endurance (p = 0.041), Emotional Reactivity (p = 0.016), and Activity (p = 0.004). ME correlated with Rhythmicity among CD patients (p = 0.002). The Mayo score was predicted by Perseverance. The CDAI score was predicted by the BDI score. The pattern of the relationship between chronotype and temperament may differentiate patients with UC and CD. Personal disposition may play a role in the clinical assessment of patients with IBD.

scholarly journals Using Environmental Features to Maximize Prediction of Regional Intergroup Bias

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062090977
Author(s):  
Eric Hehman ◽  
Eugene K. Ofosu ◽  
Jimmy Calanchini
Keyword(s):  
Large Data ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Environmental Attributes ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Parsimonious Models ◽  
Intergroup Biases ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

The present research adopts a data-driven approach to identify how characteristics of the environment are related to different types of regional in-group biases. After consolidating a large data set of environmental attributes ( N = 813), we used modern model selection techniques (i.e., elastic net regularization) to develop parsimonious models for regional implicit and explicit measures of race-, religious-, sexuality-, age-, and health-based in-group biases. Developed models generally predicted large amounts of variance in regional biases, up to 62%, and predicted significantly and substantially more variance in regional biases than basic regional demographics. Human features of the environment and events in the environment strongly and consistently predicted biases, but nonhuman features of the environment and population characteristics inconsistently predicted biases. Results implicate shared psychological causes of different regional intergroup biases, reveal distinctions between biases, and contribute to developing theoretical models of regional bias.

Mindfulness and intergroup bias: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022097869
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Oyler ◽  
Mollie A. Price-Blackshear ◽  
Steven D. Pratscher ◽  
B. Ann Bettencourt
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Dispositional Mindfulness ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Mindfulness Induction ◽  
Intergroup Biases

People’s proclivity for favoring their ingroups over outgroups has negative consequences for individuals, groups, and societies. Social psychologists have explored a variety of techniques to reduce these intergroup biases. Emerging research suggests that mindfulness may be effective for this purpose. Mindfulness is defined as present-moment attention and awareness with an accepting attitude, and it is often cultivated through meditation. Our systematic review of the mindfulness-intergroup literature suggests that, across the heterogeneity of paradigms, mindfulness attenuates intergroup bias. Supporting this supposition, for all studies in the current review, regardless of operationalization of mindfulness (i.e., mindfulness-based intervention, brief mindfulness induction, expert meditators, dispositional mindfulness), the overall effect size was g = +.29 ( k-number of studies = 36; 95% CI [0.20, 0.39]; Z = 5.94, p < .0001), suggesting a small but significant effect of mindfulness on improved levels of intergroup bias. In the current work, we review the eligible studies and their findings in detail and conclude by discussing critical issues and implications for future research.

scholarly journals Analytic flexibility in laboratory aggression paradigms: Relations with personality traits vary (slightly) by operationalization of aggression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtland Hyatt ◽  
David Skylan Chester ◽  
Amos Zeichner ◽  
Josh Miller
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Recent Criticism ◽  
Competitive Reaction ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Profile Matching ◽  
Intraclass Correlations

Competitive reaction time tasks (CRTTs) have been used widely in social science research, but recent criticism has been directed at the flexible quantification strategies used with this methodology. One estimate suggests that over 150 different quantification strategies have been used, and there is evidence to suggest that different operationalizations can affect the results and interpretations of experiments using CRTTs (Elson, Mohseni, Breuer, Scharkow, &amp; Quandt, 2014). In the current investigation, we re-analyze data from four extant samples from two different sites (total N = 600) to examine how the relations between a range of personality traits and aggression vary based on how aggression is operationalized. Our results suggest that there is a modest degree of heterogeneity in effect size and direction for these relations, and that effect size and direction were more consistent for traits more generally related to lab aggression (e.g., psychopathy, low FFM Agreeableness). Additionally, profile matching analyses suggest that different operationalizations yield strong intraclass correlations with one another. These results were consistent across site, methodology, and type of sample, suggesting that these issues are likely generalizable across most labs using CRTTs. We conclude with suggestions for future directions, particularly emphasizing the need for adequately-powered samples, and for researchers to preregister a justified plan for how CRTT data will be analyzed.

scholarly journals Xenophobia and Class Conflicts Among Venezuelan Migrants: An Ethnographic Study in the City of Ibarra, Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jorge Mantilla
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
Shed Light

In recent years, the city of Ibarra, Ecuador has received nearly 10,000 migrants from Venezuela. In this municipality, the relations between locals and migrants are quite complex. In January 2019, a group of local residents physically assaulted several Venezuelan migrants (Case Diana). These acts had a xenophobic nature. Through ethnographic research, this article analyzes the social dynamics at this city in the months after these events. The research showed that, on the one hand, after these events migrants criticized homogenizing discourses, highlighting the group's own heterogeneity. On the other, migrants also strengthened cooperation networks based on belonging to Venezuelan nationality. The article is aimed to shed light on intergroup dynamics in intermediate cities in the context of the ever-growing Venezuelan migration in Latin America.

Review: Violence, pathogens and inter-group relations. How evolutionary approaches can inform social neuroscience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McGovern ◽  
Eric John Vanman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Group Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Proper Consideration

Evolutionary and neuroscientific approaches to intergroup bias have been highly generative, but research has yet to consider how these two approaches can build on each other. Here, we review neuroscientific methods findings on intergroup bias. We then review the emerging perspective that views intergroup bias as a psychological adaptation to intergroup dynamics common in ancestral social ecologies. We conclude by considering evidence that collectivist and individualist cultures evolved in response to unique ecological threats. As such, members of each should be differentially susceptible to environmental cues connoting threats to physical safety and pathogens. We then propose future directions for neuroscientific research that assesses intergroup bias from an evolutionary perspective. Consideration of cultural factors should enable an understanding of intergroup bias, with proper consideration of how biology and psychology have adapted to the social environments faced in ancestral populations.

scholarly journals The ICCAM platform study: An experimental medicine platform for evaluating new drugs for relapse prevention in addiction. Part B: fMRI description

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McGonigle ◽  
Anna Murphy ◽  
Louise M Paterson ◽  
Laurence J Reed ◽  
Liam Nestor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Total N ◽  
Healthy Participants

Objectives: We aimed to set up a robust multi-centre clinical fMRI and neuropsychological platform to investigate the neuropharmacology of brain processes relevant to addiction – reward, impulsivity and emotional reactivity. Here we provide an overview of the fMRI battery, carried out across three centres, characterizing neuronal response to the tasks, along with exploring inter-centre differences in healthy participants. Experimental design: Three fMRI tasks were used: monetary incentive delay to probe reward sensitivity, go/no-go to probe impulsivity and an evocative images task to probe emotional reactivity. A coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was carried out for the reward and impulsivity tasks to help establish region of interest (ROI) placement. A group of healthy participants was recruited from across three centres (total n=43) to investigate inter-centre differences. Principle observations: The pattern of response observed for each of the three tasks was consistent with previous studies using similar paradigms. At the whole brain level, significant differences were not observed between centres for any task. Conclusions: In developing this platform we successfully integrated neuroimaging data from three centres, adapted validated tasks and applied whole brain and ROI approaches to explore and demonstrate their consistency across centres.

An Examination of Categorization Processes in Organizations: The Root of Intergroup Bias and a Route to Prejudice Reduction

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Ferguson ◽  
Shanette C. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Organizational Outcomes ◽  
Prejudice Reduction ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Measurement Strategies

To understand how people experience diversity, researchers have focused on category-based perceptions of others who belong to different social groups and the subsequent impact on intergroup dynamics. Specifically, scholars have focused on the automaticity of such categorizations, including stereotyping and implicit bias. This chapter will discuss these automatic, nonconscious processes, including their antecedents and their association with and effects on individual, group, and organizational outcomes. Given the automaticity of such processes, measurement strategies and suggestions for their use in future research will also be discussed.

The Psychological Toll of the Culture Wars: Perceptions of Asymmetric Intergroup Conflict and Support for Counternormative Political Action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ruisch ◽  
Francesca Manzi ◽  
Daan Scheepers
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Total N ◽  
Political Group ◽  
Voter Suppression ◽  
The Media ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Political Actions

In a series of 14 studies (total N = 9,684), we examine how the (perceived) intergroup dynamics of the “culture wars” differentially impact conservatives’ and liberals’ political cognition and behavior. Past work has shown that both liberals and conservatives perceive a strong conflict with the opposing ideological group, and seek to advance their group’s relative position within that conflict. However, our findings show that people–both liberals and conservatives alike–generally perceive that liberals have the upper hand in this conflict: People see society as becoming more liberal over time, and believe that the number of political conservatives is dwindling. This gives rise to a sense of existential threat among conservatives, who express greater concern about the continued existence of their ideological ingroup. Our findings also suggest that this sense of threat, in turn, motivates greater support for counternormative and extreme political actions (e.g., voter suppression, censoring the media, prohibiting free protest) to protect one’s political group “by any means necessary.”

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