scholarly journals A researcher’s guide to the measurement and modeling of puberty in the ABCD StudyⓇ at baseline

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa W Cheng ◽  
Lucía Magis-Weinberg ◽  
Victoria Guazzelli Williamson ◽  
Cecile Ladouceur ◽  
Sarah Whittle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Development ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Single Text ◽  
Physical Maturation ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Time Point

Through the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development℠ (ABCD) Study, developmental scientists have open access to data about pubertal development within the context of a large, diverse sample of adolescents in the United States. For researchers interested in analyzing this data, this article provides a user’s guide that both describes these variables and outlines recommendations for use. These considerations are contextualized with reference to cross-sectional empirical analyses of puberty measures within the baseline ABCD dataset by Herting, Uban, and colleagues (under review), also presented in this issue. Strengths of the ABCD StudyⓇ for investigating puberty include the size and composition of the sample, including understudied groups, as well as opportunities for multimethod measurement using both questionnaire and salivary hormone measures annually. Relative limitations include a lack of data on the earliest phases of puberty, which may be more pronounced for specific demographic groups, as well as an annual temporal resolution with a single, text-based questionnaire of perceived physical maturation and single time-point salivary data collection per study visit. We discuss strategies to capitalize on strengths, mitigate weaknesses, and appropriately interpret study limitations for researchers using pubertal variables within the ABCD dataset, with the aim of building toward a robust science of adolescent development.

Evaluation of Growth and Maturation in Adolescence

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Ron G. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Pubertal Development ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Physical Maturation ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Physical Changes

The term adolescence denotes the period of time between the onset of puberty and the completion of physical maturation. During these transitional years, full reproductive capacity is attained, manifested by spermatogenesis in the male and ovulation in the female. Concomitantly, major physical changes occur, including (1) full maturation of the gonads, external genitalia, and secondary sexual characteristics, (2) alterations in lean body mass and fat distribution, and (3) rapid skeletal growth, ultimately terminated by fusion of the epiphyses and the attainment of final adult stature. Although we are accustomed to equating adolescence with the teenage years, the last century has been characterized by a progressive lowering of the normal age for pubertal development, so that presently, 50% of girls in the United States reach puberty while in elementary school. The implications of this earlier physical maturation, particularly in terms of sexual education and contraception counseling are readily evident. Furthermore, as the normal onset of puberty occurs earlier, the psychological ramifications of pubertal delay and short stature in adolescence become increasingly pronounced. It is not unusual, nowadays, to see 13 or 14-year-old patients (and their parents) who are concerned about delays in sexual maturation and skeletal growth, and while the majority of such patients are found to be normal variants, their anxieties and concerns are nonetheless real.

Demographic Correlates of Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts among Adults with and without Depression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Areen Omary
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Mlr Model

Background: This study examines the national prevalence rates of suicidal ideation and attempts among adults with and without major depressive episode (MDE) in five demographic groups –race, sex, age, education, and marital status – in the United States. Methods: Data extracted from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were analyzed , producing 42,551 records. Wald chi-square diagnostic examination was conducted on the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model with five demographic predictor variables.Results: The highest rates of suicidal ideation for those with MDE occurred in White females (40.6%), adults 18-25 years old (36.4%), individuals with some college education (40.4%), and unmarried adults (57.1%). For those without MDE, the highest rates of suicidal ideation occurred among White males (31.9%), adults 18-25 years old (31.9%), individuals with some college education (38.7%), and unmarried adults (49.6%). Among the same demographic groups, proportions of suicide attempts were highest for those with MDE. A chi-square test indicated significant differences across adults with and without MDE in all demographic groups. The MLR model fitting results showed that the five demographic variables were significant predictors of suicidal ideation and attempts in both populations (p<0.05).Limitations: Our data are cross-sectional and no directionality or causality can be assumed between study variables. A small proportion of the population was excluded from the survey.Conclusions: serious mental health needs are unmet for many demographic groups, especially among individuals with depression. Population-based clinical interventions are needed to reduce rates of depression, suicidal ideation, and attempts.

scholarly journals Protein intake trends and conformity with the Dietary Reference Intakes in the United States: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire E Berryman ◽  
Harris R Lieberman ◽  
Victor L Fulgoni ◽  
Stefan M Pasiakos
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Dietary Reference Intakes ◽  
The Us

ABSTRACT Background Systematic analysis of dietary protein intake may identify demographic groups within the American population that are not meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Objective This cross-sectional study analyzed protein intake trends (2001–2014) and evaluated recent conformity to the DRIs (2011–2014) according to age, sex, and race or ethnicity in the US population. Design Protein intakes and trends during 2-y cycles of NHANES 2001–2014 (n = 57,980; ≥2 y old) were calculated as absolute (grams per day) and relative [grams per kilogram of ideal body weight (IBW) per day] intakes and as a percentage of total energy. Sex and race or ethnicity [Asian, Hispanic, non-Hispanic black (NHB), and non-Hispanic white (NHW)] differences were determined for protein intake and percentage of the population below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance, and above and below the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). Results Usual protein intakes (mean ± SE) averaged from 55.3 ± 0.9 (children aged 2–3 y) to 88.2 ± 1.1 g/d (adults aged 19–30 y). Protein comprised 14–16% of total energy intakes. Relative protein intakes averaged from 1.10 ± 0.01 (adults aged ≥71 y) to 3.63 ± 0.07 g · kg IBW–1 · d–1 (children aged 2–3 y), and were above the EAR in all demographic groups. Asian and Hispanic populations aged >19 y consumed more relative protein (1.32 ± 0.02 and 1.32 ± 0.02 g · kg IBW–1 · d–1, respectively) than did NHB and NHW (1.18 ± 0.01 g · kg IBW–1 · d–1). Relative protein intakes did not differ by race or ethnicity in the 2–18 y population. Adolescent (aged 14–18 y) females and older (aged ≥71 y) NHB men had the largest population percentages below the EAR (11% and 13%, respectively); <1% of any demographic group had intakes above the AMDR. Conclusions The majority of the US population exceeds minimum recommendations for protein intake. Protein intake remains well below the upper end of the AMDR, indicating that protein intake, as a percentage of energy intake, is not excessive in the American diet. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN76534484.

scholarly journals Self-Dislike and Sadness are Central Symptoms of Depression in College Students: A Network Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C Mullarkey ◽  
Rochelle A Stewart ◽  
Tony T Wells ◽  
Jason Shumake ◽  
Christopher G Beevers
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Symptom Change ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Time Point

Depression in college students is an important public health issue. There is growing recognition that some depression symptoms may have a more central role in the disorder than others. We use network analyses to identify the most central symptoms of depression in college students. In a cross-sectional network the BDI-SF was collected at a single time point (N = 10,005) and in a symptom change network the BDI-SF was collected at two time points separated on average by approximately two months (N = 700). In both samples, the most central depression symptoms were self-dislike and sadness. Centrality scores for the cross-sectional network were highly correlated (r = .86) with the centrality scores for the symptom change network. Self-dislike and sadness may have important roles in college student depression. Additional work experimentally targeting and changing these central symptoms is needed to determine whether they have a causal role in the disorder.

Does a Graduate Course in Fluency Disorders Make a Difference?

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn R. Klein ◽  
Barbara J. Amster
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Graduate Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Graduate Course ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fluency Disorders ◽  
Introductory Course ◽  
Communicative Disorders

Abstract A study by Yaruss and Quesal (2002), based on responses from 134 of 239 ASHA accredited graduate programs, indicated that approximately 25% of graduate programs in the United States allow students to earn their degree without having coursework in fluency disorders and 66% of programs allow students to graduate without clinical experience treating people who stutter (PWS). It is not surprising that many clinicians report discomfort in treating PWS. This cross-sectional study compares differences in beliefs about the cause of stuttering between freshman undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory course in communicative disorders and graduate students enrolled and in the final weeks of a graduate course in fluency disorders.

A Silenced Population

Crisis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Gryglewicz ◽  
Melanie Bozzay ◽  
Brittany Arthur-Jordon ◽  
Gabriela D. Romero ◽  
Melissa Witmeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Peer Relationship ◽  
Student Records ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Method Student

Abstract. Background: Given challenges that exceed the normal developmental requirements of adolescence, deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) youth are believed to be at elevated risk for engaging in suicide-related behavior (SRB). Unfortunately, little is known about the mechanisms that put these youth potentially at risk. Aims: To determine whether peer relationship difficulties are related to increased risk of SRB in DHH youth. Method: Student records (n = 74) were retrieved from an accredited educational center for deaf and blind students in the United States. Results: Peer relationship difficulties were found to be significantly associated with engagement in SRB but not when accounting for depressive symptomatology. Limitations: The restricted sample limits generalizability. Conclusions regarding risk causation cannot be made due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Conclusion: These results suggest the need for future research that examines the mechanisms of the relationship between peer relationship difficulties, depression, and suicide risk in DHH youth and potential preventive interventions to ameliorate the risks for these at-risk youth.

Mental, Physical, and Financial Health Concerns of Underrepresented Undergraduate Students During Initial Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Nelson ◽  
Matt Honore ◽  
Jen Lindwall ◽  
Arjun Viray ◽  
Lisa Marriott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Research Training ◽  
High Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Generation College Students ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
First Generation College ◽  
Research Training Program

In April 2020, at the onset of COVID-19 in the U.S., we implemented a weekly survey of underrepresented undergraduate students participating in a biomedical research training program. The 10-week survey collected qualitative and quantitative data on mental health, physical health, and financial health. Responses indicated high stress during the pandemic, particularly during the survey’s final weeks which occurred during a period of social unrest. Physical health declined throughout the survey, stabilizing in its final weeks. Financial health declined initially and stayed low throughout. Students from certain demographic groups, such as first generation college students and those with dependents were disproportionately impacted. Qualitative responses highlighted the intersectionality of the three constructs and illustrated the impacts of these events.

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