scholarly journals Decision Neuroscience: Recent Progress and Ongoing Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B Dennison ◽  
Daniel Sazhin ◽  
David Victor Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Decision Neuroscience ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Social Rewards

In the past decade, decision neuroscience and its subfield of neuroeconomics have developed many new insights in the study of decision making. This review provides a comprehensive update on how the field has advanced in this time. Although our initial review a decade ago outlined several theoretical, conceptual, methodological, empirical, and practical challenges, there has only been limited progress in resolving these challenges. We summarize significant trends in decision neuroscience through the lens of the challenges outlined for the field and review examples where the field has had significant, direct, and applicable impacts across psychology, neuroscience, and economics. We will first review progress in basic value processes involved in reward learning, explore-exploit decisions, risk and uncertainty, intertemporal choice, and valuation. Next, we assess the impacts of emotion, social rewards, and social context on decision making. Then, we follow up with how individual differences impact choice, and exciting developments in prediction and neuroforecasting of future decisions. Finally, we will consider overall progress in the field of decision neuroscience in reconciling past challenges, identifying new challenges, and recent exciting applications of this research.

The Risks of International Law

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
FLEUR JOHNS ◽  
WOUTER G. WERNER
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
International Law ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Humanities And Social Sciences

The past few decades have witnessed a proliferation in the writings on risk and uncertainty. Led by the work of writers such as Beck, Luhmann, Ewald, and Giddens, scholars across the humanities and social sciences have been engaged in reflections on the ways in which our understanding of risk structure informs decision-making and the attribution of responsibility. One of the central topics in this body of literature is the transformation of the concept of risk in postmodern societies.

scholarly journals Defining giant mandibular ameloblastomas – Is a separate clinical sub-entity warranted?

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (02) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya V. Kanoi ◽  
Tibar Banerjee ◽  
Narayanamurthy Sundaramurthy ◽  
Arindam Sarkar ◽  
Pooja Kanoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Bone Defect ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Segmental Bone Defect ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mandibular Segment ◽  
Segmental Bone

ABSTRACT Context: The term giant mandibular ameloblastoma (GMAs) while being in popular usage in the medical literature remains largely equivocal. Although a few authors have in the past attempted to ascribe definite criteria to this entity, these are by and large arbitrary and without any benefit in decision-making or contributing to its management. Aims: The aim of this study is to propose a set of objective criteria for GMAs that can be clinically correlated and thereby aid in the management of this entity. Patients and Methods: Of a total of 16 patients with ameloblastoma of the mandible presenting at our institute from August 2012 to September 2016, 11 patients were identified as having GMAs as per the criteria proposed. Results: The defects in the mandible following segmental resection ranged from 7 to 11.5 cm in length (mean: 9.3 cm). No clinical or radiological evidence of tumour recurrence was found during a mean follow-up period of 10.7 months (range: 2–28 months). Conclusions: Defining GMA based on objective inclusion and exclusion criteria allows segregation of these lesions, thereby helping to remove ambiguity, simplify decision-making and facilitate communication among treating reconstructive surgeons. Inclusion criteria include: (i) The segmental bone defect following resection with a minimum 1 cm margin of healthy bone should exceed 6 cm (ii) The segmental bone defect should involve the central mandibular segment.

scholarly journals Anticoagulation Management in Patients with Pacemaker-Detected Atrial Fibrillation

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidija Poposka ◽  
Vladimir Boskov ◽  
Dejan Risteski ◽  
Jane Taleski ◽  
Ljubica Georgievska-Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Anticoagulation Management ◽  
Oral Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Permanent Pacing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Implanted Pacemaker

INTRODUCTION: In patients with an implanted pacemaker, asymptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of thrombo-embolic complications. There is still no consensus which duration of episodes of atrial fibrillation should be taken as an indicator for inclusion of oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 104 patients who had no AF episodes in the past and have an indication for permanent pacing were included in the study.RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 18 months, 33 of the patients developed episodes of AF. Inclusion of OAC was performed in 17 patients, in whom AF was recorded, although in all patients CHA2DS2-VASc score was ≥ 1. The inclusion of OAC showed a statistically significant correlation with increasing duration of episodes of AF (r = 0.502, p = 0.003). During the follow-up period none of the patients developed thrombo-embolic complication. CONCLUSION: Considering that our group of patients had no thrombo-embolic events, we could conclude that dividing the AF episodes in less than 1% in 24 hours and longer than 1% within 24 hours could be an indicator for decision-making to include OAK if the CHA2DS2-VASc score is ≥ 1.

scholarly journals Catholics and Muslims in Dialogue: Working Together to Serve Others

ICR Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashim Kamali
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Youth Culture ◽  
Interreligious Dialogue ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Past ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Working Together ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Practical Recommendations

This paper explores the ways Muslims and Catholics can cooperate to help the youth and advance better interreligious understanding among themselves. Cooperation needs to be informed by the nature of the issues involved and how best they can be addressed. The youth feel marginalised and in the decision-making bodies, the employment sector and government. Youth culture and lifestyle, youth issues among minority religious communities are also faced with challenges. The second part on interreligious dialogue looks into the ways how Catholics and Muslims have engaged with one another in the past, their main achievements, and the challenges they have faced in better understanding one another. Interreligious dialogue has also developed in various ways and become diversified over the years, not just focusing on doctrinal matters but also on practical cooperation. The aftermath of 9/11 brought our two communities face to face with new challenges over the spread of outlandish and extremist interpretations of our religions and the more pressing threats to security and peace we now face on both sides. The paper concludes with a set of practical recommendations.  

Truth Matters: Cognitive Integrity as an Intervention for Self-Deception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Isabel Gorlin ◽  
Michael W. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adaptive Problem

To live well in the present, we take direction from the past. Yet, individuals may engage in a variety of behaviors that distort their past and current circumstances, reducing the likelihood of adaptive problem solving and decision making. In this article, we attend to self-deception as one such class of behaviors. Drawing upon research showing both the maladaptive consequences and self-perpetuating nature of self-deception, we propose that self-deception is an understudied risk and maintaining factor for psychopathology, and we introduce a “cognitive-integrity”-based approach that may hold promise for increasing the reach and effectiveness of our existing therapeutic interventions. Pending empirical validation of this theoretically-informed approach, we posit that patients may become more informed and autonomous agents in their own therapeutic growth by becoming more honest with themselves.

Recent Progress in Machine Learning-based Prediction of Peptide Activity for Drug Discovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qihui Wu ◽  
Hanzhong Ke ◽  
Dongli Li ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Jiansong Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Anticancer Peptides ◽  
The Past ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Large Scale Screening

Over the past decades, peptide as a therapeutic candidate has received increasing attention in drug discovery, especially for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), anticancer peptides (ACPs) and antiinflammatory peptides (AIPs). It is considered that the peptides can regulate various complex diseases which are previously untouchable. In recent years, the critical problem of antimicrobial resistance drives the pharmaceutical industry to look for new therapeutic agents. Compared to organic small drugs, peptide- based therapy exhibits high specificity and minimal toxicity. Thus, peptides are widely recruited in the design and discovery of new potent drugs. Currently, large-scale screening of peptide activity with traditional approaches is costly, time-consuming and labor-intensive. Hence, in silico methods, mainly machine learning approaches, for their accuracy and effectiveness, have been introduced to predict the peptide activity. In this review, we document the recent progress in machine learning-based prediction of peptides which will be of great benefit to the discovery of potential active AMPs, ACPs and AIPs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document