scholarly journals The Case of the Cumulative Redundancy Bias: Understanding the Metacognitive Flexibility in Performance Judgments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Joachim Grüning ◽  
Hans Alves ◽  
André Otelo Paraíba Mata ◽  
Klaus Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Metacognitive Regulation ◽  
Performance Judgments

The cumulative redundancy bias (CRB) refers to people’s difficulty to ignore the redundancy in cumulatively presented information. For instance, when people consider which of two teams is better, they should focus on the total number of points that each team has at the time. Yet, people are also influenced by the sequence of events that led to that accumulated score, such that if one team was ahead most of the season, people consider it better – even if those teams are currently tied. However, an opposite bias emerges when participants focus on performance trends (performance trend bias; PTB): When the trailing team is catching up to the leading team, people judge it as the better team – even if the other team is still ahead. In three experiments where we manipulated slope magnitude, we obtained both effects: the PTB was observed when the slope was big; the CRB emerged when the slope was small. These studies demonstrate a striking malleability of the cognitive system, flexibly weighing different cues. Results are discussed in terms of metacognitive regulation.

scholarly journals Leader-chasing behavior in negative artificial triggered lightning flashes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fukun Wang ◽  
Jianguo Wang ◽  
Li Cai ◽  
Rui Su ◽  
Wenhan Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
High Speed Camera ◽  
Return Stroke ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Triggered Lightning

AbstractTwo special cases of dart leader propagation were observed by the high-speed camera in the leader/return stroke sequences of a classical triggered lightning flash and an altitude-triggered lightning flash, respectively. Different from most of the subsequent return strokes preceded by only one leader, the return stroke in each case was preceded by two leaders occurring successively and competing in the same channel, which herein is named leader-chasing behavior. In one case, the polarity of the latter leader was opposite to that of the former leader and these two combined together to form a new leader, which shared the same polarity with the former leader. In the other case, the latter leader shared the same polarity with the former leader and disappeared after catching up with the former leader. The propagation of the former leader in this case seems not to be significantly influenced by the existence of the latter leader.

Two Non-senses of “Probability”

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-76
Author(s):  
Wayne C. Myrvold
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Objective Probability ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Principle Of Indifference ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This chapter engages in some ground-clearing. Two concepts have been proposed to play the role of objective probability. One is associated with the idea that probability involves mere counting of possibilities (often wrongly attributed to Laplace). The other is frequentism, the idea that probability can be defined as long-run relative frequency in some actual or hypothetical sequence of events. Associated with the idea that probability is merely a matter of counting of possibilities is a temptation to believe that there is a principle, called the Principle of Indifference, which can generate probabilities out of ignorance. In this chapter the reasons that neither of these approaches can achieve its goal are rehearsed, with reference to historical discussions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It includes some of the prehistory of discussions of what has come to be known, misleadingly, as Bertrand’s paradox.

The Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Potential for Violent Escalation

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-78
Author(s):  
Ioana Emy Matesan
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
The One ◽  
Gamal Abdel Nasser

This chapter revisits the early history of the Muslim Brotherhood to understand why an organization that started out as a nonviolent religious movement came to be associated with violence. Many blame this on the harsh repression under President Gamal Abdel Nasser. However, the analysis shows that the drift toward violence started much earlier. Reconstructing the sequence of events between 1936 and 1948, the chapter reveals that what initially politicized the Brotherhood was the presence of British troops in Egypt and Palestine. The formation of an armed wing led to competition over authority within the group, which incentivized violent escalation. The chapter then focuses on the period between 1954 and 1970 and shows that repression had a dual effect. On the one hand, it inspired new jihadi interpretations, which were particularly appealing to younger members. On the other hand, the prisons were also the backdrop against which the Brotherhood became convinced that violence was futile.

The grammaticalization of SIC

2021 ◽  
pp. 350-369
Author(s):  
Verner Egerland
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sequence Of Events

The Old Romance continuations of Latin sic, such as Old French si and Old Italian sì, involve four different functions, all of which are referred to here as sic. The first one, which is closest to the original Latin usage, is that of a lexical adverbial, while the other three are functional elements introducing main clauses: the second sic follows elements preposed to the verb, the third one introduces clauses in a narrative sequence of events, while the fourth usage of sic has been described as a ‘weak consequential’ (Salvi 2002) . In this article, it is shown that these instantiations of sic in Old Romance, and in particular the third one, are parallel to the grammaticalized usages of svá in Modern Scandinavian. Furthermore, it is argued that the distribution of these functional elements in Old Romance, here represented by French and Italian, as well as Modern Scandinavian, represented by Swedish, can be successfully accounted for in a theory of syntax that incorporates certain notions of ‘narrative’, building on intuitions originating in Labov (1972) and subsequent work.

Improving the Antinoise Ability of DNNs via a Bio-Inspired Noise Adaptive Activation Function Rand Softplus

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunhua Chen ◽  
Yingchao Mai ◽  
Jinsheng Xiao ◽  
Ling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Learning Community ◽  
Activation Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Activation Functions ◽  
Response Process ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
New Research

Although deep neural networks (DNNs) have led to many remarkable results in cognitive tasks, they are still far from catching up with human-level cognition in antinoise capability. New research indicates how brittle and susceptible current models are to small variations in data distribution. In this letter, we study the stochasticity-resistance character of biological neurons by simulating the input-output response process of a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model and proposed a novel activation function, rand softplus (RSP), to model the response process. In RSP, a scale factor [Formula: see text] is employed to mimic the stochasticity-adaptability of biological neurons, thereby enabling the antinoise capability of a DNN to be improved by the novel activation function. We validated the performance of RSP with a 19-layer residual network (ResNet) and a 19-layer visual geometry group (VGG) on facial expression recognition data sets and compared it with other popular activation functions, such as rectified linear units (ReLU), softplus, leaky ReLU (LReLU), exponential linear unit (ELU), and noisy softplus (NSP). The experimental results show that RSP is applied to VGG-19 or ResNet-19, and the average recognition accuracy under five different noise levels exceeds the other functions on both of the two facial expression data sets; in other words, RSP outperforms the other activation functions in noise resistance. Compared with the application in ResNet-19, the application of RSP in VGG-19 can improve a network's antinoise performance to a greater extent. In addition, RSP is easier to train compared to NSP because it has only one parameter to be calculated automatically according to the input data. Therefore, this work provides the deep learning community with a novel activation function that can better deal with overfitting problems.

Tissue-specific concentration changes of estrone and estradiol during spontaneous and ACTH-induced parturition in sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. A. Power ◽  
J. R. G. Challis
Keyword(s):  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Estrogen Production ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
The Mean

Changes in estrogen production are considered important in the sequence of events leading to parturition. We sought tissue-specific changes in the concentration of unconjugated estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) in intrauterine fetal (amnion, chorion) and maternal (endometrium, myometrium) tissues during normal pregnancy, labour, and ACTH-induced labour in sheep. The mean concentrations of E1 and E2 in the fetal membranes were higher than in endometrium and myometrium. In amnion there were no consistent changes in estrone concentrations with gestation, although estradiol concentrations increased between day 130 and term. In the endometrium there were increases in both estrone and estradiol between day 100 and term, whereas in the myometrium increases in the concentrations of E1 and E2 occurred between days 130–135 and term. Animals showing a labourlike pattern of uterine contractions after intrafetal ACTH administration did not show significant differences in estrone or estradiol concentrations in amnion, chorion, or endometrium compared with saline-infused controls. However, there was a progressive increase in the concentration of estrone and estradiol in the myometrium during ACTH-induced labour. We conclude that changes in the concentrations of estrone and estradiol in intrauterine tissues vary between the tissues studied and the two estrogens. In general, estrogen concentrations increased towards term, but this trend was more marked in the maternal than fetal tissues. The changes in estrone concentrations in myometrium, but not in the other tissues, were replicated during ACTH-induced labour. Our results would be compatible with the suggestion that tissue-specific changes in estrogen concentrations may contribute to the local intrauterine steroid milieu during pregnancy and at term.

scholarly journals Flanders Ahead, Wallonia Behind (But Catching Up): Reconstructing Communities Through Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy Making

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
Michiel Van Oudheusden ◽  
Nathan Charlier ◽  
Pierre Delvenne
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Policy Actors ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

Drawing on a documentary analysis of two socioeconomic policy programs, one Flemish (“Vlaanderen in Actie”), the other Walloon (“Marshall Plans”), and a discourse analysis of how these programs are received in one Flemish and one Francophone quality newspaper, this article illustrates how Flanders and Wallonia both seek to become top-performing knowledge-based economies (KBEs). The article discerns a number of discursive repertoires, such as “Catching up,” which policy actors draw on to legitimize or question the transformation of Flanders and Wallonia into KBEs. The “Catching up” repertoire places Flanders resolutely ahead of Wallonia in the global race toward knowledge, excellence, and growth, but suggests that Wallonia may, in due course, overtake Flanders as a top competitive region. Given the expectations and fears that “Catching up” evokes among Flemish and Walloon policy actors, the repertoire serves these actors as a flexible discursive resource to make sense of, and shape, their collective futures and their regional identities. The article’s findings underline the simultaneity of, and the interplay between, globalizing forces and particularizing tendencies, as Flanders and Wallonia develop with a global KBE in region-specific ways.

scholarly journals Holes in the Solar Corona

1975 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
W. M. Glencross
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Solar Corona ◽  
Field Component ◽  
Solar Surface ◽  
Field Direction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flux Tubes ◽  
Sequence Of Events

SummaryBabcock (1961) outlined the sequence of events which takes place in the Sun's atmosphere during a solar cycle. Magnetic field loops, having preferred directions, emerge from the solar surface and thereafter merge with neighbouring loops to produce more extended structures. Although flux tubes emerge with a strong E-W field component, having the field direction reversed from one side of the equator to the other, there is a tendency for the longer loops produced by merging to have a significant N-S alignment (Hansen et al., 1972).

scholarly journals Thoughts from French Psychoanalysis on the Absence of Corporeality in the Unconscious of Emerging Complex Cognitive System

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Olivier GUY ◽  
Rémy Potier
Keyword(s):  
Projective Identification ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transitional Object ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
The Creation ◽  
To Come ◽  
Many Sources

In this text we answer at the same time to two recent interesting works of Giancarlo Minati and Luca Possati in which they both called to work on the development, one from the part of the computer side, and the other of the humanities one of an IA unconscious in complex cognitive systems as an experiment to come to more anthropomorphic machines, performance added by the unconscious will not be addressed in this paper. We gathered many sources in psychoanalysis to help us understand what could be the barriers dressed against us. In the light of Lacan, Anzieu, Leclaire and Winnicott amongst others we tried to explain how having a body, in the biological sense, makes a difference with recreating—this is a typical human preoccupation—an unconscious in IA. Of course, from a French psychoanalytic standpoint there are many conservative objections, while some can be easily overcome, the matter of innate desire and body seems an understandable concern. It is also important to consider the interesting conjecture of Possati (i.e., a computer can be a projective identification object); while we only may say that it is a transitional object in the sense of Winnicott. Also, we can study further within psychotherapy the behaviour of the patient and therapist, with an algorithm we developed. In the end we address the objection of French postructruralist psychology objections to the creation of a human-like unconscious and advise the experimenting of Possati’s theory with our device.

Randomness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Dembski
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Random Number Generator ◽  
The Other ◽  
Number Generator ◽  
Fluid Forces ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
To Come

The fundamental intuition underlying randomness is the absence of order or pattern. To cash out this intuition philosophers and scientists employ five approaches to randomness. (1) Randomness as the output of a chance process. Thus an event is random if it is the output of a chance process. Moreover, a sequence of events constitutes a random sample if all events in the sequence derive from a single chance process and no event in the sequence is influenced by the others. (2) Randomness as mimicking chance. Statisticians frequently wish to obtain a random sample (in the sense of (1)) according to some specified probability distribution. Unfortunately, a chance process corresponding to this probability distribution may be hard to come by. In this case a statistician may employ a computer simulation to mimic the desired chance process (for example, a random number generator). Randomness qua mimicking chance is also known as pseudo-randomness. (3) Randomness via mixing. Consider the following situation: particles are concentrated in some corner of a fluid; forces act on the fluid so that eventually the particles become thoroughly mixed throughout the fluid, reaching an equilibrium state. Here randomness is identified with the equilibrium state reached via mixing. (4) Randomness as a measure of computational complexity. Computers are ideally suited for generating bit strings. The length of the shortest program that generates a given bit string, as well as the minimum time it takes for a program to generate the string, both assign measures of complexity to the strings. The higher the complexity, the more random the string. (5) Randomness as pattern-breaking. Given a specified collection of patterns, an object is random if it breaks all the patterns in the collection. If, on the other hand, it fits at least one of the patterns in the collection, then it fails to be random.

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