Primary appraisal, secondary appraisal and coping: Their role in stressful work encounters

Past studies have shown that nursing students are stressed. The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical environment factors associated with stress among final year nursing students by adapting the Transactional Stress and Coping Model (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). The cross-sectional study design was used, data were collected over two months in 2019. A self-administered questionnaire, used to collect data. 420 final year students recruited using a simple random sampling technique. Based on one-way ANOVA, there was a significant mean difference of primary appraisal score and secondary appraisal score. Resilience level was significantly associated with the level of stress. Keywords: nursing students, stress, resilience. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI:

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The Revised Transactional Model (RTM) of Occupational Stress and Coping: An Improved Process Approach

The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Organisational Psychology ◽

10.1375/ajop.3.1.13 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 13-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yong Wah Goh ◽

Sukanlaya Sawang ◽

Tian P.S. Oei

Keyword(s):

Occupational Stress ◽

Stress Level ◽

Stress And Coping ◽

Transactional Model ◽

Full Time ◽

Primary Appraisal ◽

Secondary Appraisal ◽

And Coping ◽

Full Time Employment ◽

Transactional Process

AbstractDespite more than three decades of research, there is a limited understanding of the transactional process of appraisal, stress and coping. This has led to calls for more focused research on the entire process that underlies these variables. To date, there remains a paucity of such research. The present study examined Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) transactional model of stress and coping. One hundred and twenty nine Australian participants with full time employment (i.e., nurses and administration employees) were recruited. There were 49 male (age mean = 34, SD = 10.51) and 80 female (age mean = 36, SD = 10.31) participants. The analysis of three path models indicated that in addition to the original paths, which were found in Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model (primary appraisal→secondary appraisal→stress→coping), there were also direct links between primary appraisal and stress level time one and between stress level time one to stress level time two. This study has provided additional insights into the transactional process that will extend our understanding of how individuals appraise, cope and experience occupational stress.

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Stress, Coping, and Social Support in Hypothetically Psychosis-Prone Subjects

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3c.1267 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 78 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1267-1283 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

David Schuldberg ◽

Stephanie B. Karwacki ◽

G. Leonard Burns

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Life Events ◽

Stress And Coping ◽

Stress Coping ◽

Magical Ideation ◽

Primary Appraisal ◽

Coping Processes ◽

Secondary Appraisal ◽

And Coping ◽

Coping Patterns

This paper examined stress processes in hypothetically psychosis-prone individuals. Subjects scoring high on Perceptual Aberration/Magical Ideation (Per-Mag subjects), Anhedonia, and low-scoring control subjects were compared for scores on Hassles and Uplifts, cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, emotions in two stressful situations, and on perceived social support. The groups differed in their experiences of minor life events and Secondary Appraisal but not in Primary Appraisal or emotions. There were notable differences in coping patterns and perceptions of social support. Per-Mag subjects contrasted with controls in using more coping by Escape-avoidance and Accepting responsibility, and reported less social support. Anhedonic subjects differed in their experience of minor life events and coped less through Positive reappraisal and Seeking social support. Per-Mag subjects are mainly distinguished by their coping processes. Anhedonic subjects are also sensitive to the incidence of minor life events. The results indicate that risk factors, stress, and coping interact in the absence of mental disorder.

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Appraisal, psychological adjustment and expressed emotion in relatives of patients suffering from schizophrenia

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.171.1.26 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 171 (1) ◽

pp. 26-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

Christine Barrowclough ◽

Michael Parle

Keyword(s):

Expressed Emotion ◽

Symptom Control ◽

Well Being ◽

Primary Appraisal ◽

Coping Theory ◽

Secondary Appraisal ◽

Multivariate Relationships ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Appraisal Processes

BackgroundIt is argued that coping theory may be useful in attempting to understand how relatives adapt to the demands of living with a schizophrenia sufferer.MethodIn a prospective study, univariate and multivariate relationships were explored between appraisal variables (appraisal of symptom threat (primary appraisal) and perceived symptom control (secondary appraisal)) and (a) expressed emotion, and (b) psychological distress in relatives of schizophrenic patients. The profile of relatives who showed sustained distress over time was also examined.ResultsThe appraisal variables were found to be related to both the concurrent distress (GHQ scores), EE ratings of relatives at the time of the patients relapse and hospitalisation, as well as the subsequent GHQ scores of relatives when the patient was discharged back home. Relatives who showed sustained distress were likely to show high EE and have a longer caring history.ConclusionsThe study gives some support to the theory that appraisal processes underlie how relatives react to having a family member with schizophrenia, and may have implications both for identifying those at risk of poor adaptation, and for understanding strategies that improve well-being.

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Customer Acceptance of Use of Artificial Intelligence in Hospitality Services: An Indian Hospitality Sector Perspective

Global Business Review ◽

10.1177/0972150920939753 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 097215092093975

Author(s):

Prithvi Roy ◽

Badrinarayan Srirangam Ramaprasad ◽

Manan Chakraborty ◽

Nandan Prabhu ◽

Shreelatha Rao

Keyword(s):

Decision Makers ◽

New Delhi ◽

Primary Appraisal ◽

Luxury Hotels ◽

Customer Acceptance ◽

Effort Expectancy ◽

Secondary Appraisal ◽

Hospitality Sector ◽

Device Use ◽

Willingness To Use

This research endeavour tested and validated the artificially intelligent device use acceptance (AIDUA) three-stage AI acceptance framework in the context of the Indian hospitality sector. For this purpose, data on the constructs that captured primary appraisal (i.e., social influence, hedonic motivation and anthropomorphism), secondary appraisal (i.e., performance and effort expectancy), emotion, willingness to use AI devices and objection to use AI devices were captured from 210 guests/customers from 14 luxury hotels spread across the union territory of New Delhi and the state of Chandigarh in India. Findings that emerge from this study validate the fact that customers do indeed go through three stages of decision-making process before they demonstrate their proclivity to use AI devices or exhibit objection to use AI devices. In particular, the study found that both performance and effort expectancy influenced customer emotion which, in its turn, exercised its effect on the construct of willingness to use AI devices and objection to use AI devices among hotel customers. Accordingly, drawing from the findings of this study, implications for practitioners, decision-makers, and academic researchers are discussed in the article.

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The cognitive nature of forgiveness: Using cognitive strategies of primary appraisal and coping to describe the process of forgiving

Journal of Clinical Psychology ◽

10.1002/jclp.20367 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

pp. 555-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

John Maltby ◽

Ann Macaskill ◽

Raphael Gillett

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Strategies ◽

Primary Appraisal ◽

And Coping

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Coping as a Mediation Mechanism Between Severity of Spectator Dysfunctional Behavior and Revisit Intention: The Moderating Effects of Self-Construal in Sport Consumption

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.2018-0356 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 38-52

Author(s):

Kyungyeol (Anthony) Kim ◽

Kevin K. Byon ◽

Paul M. Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Coping Strategies ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Survey Experiment ◽

Moderating Effects ◽

Experiment Study ◽

Primary Appraisal ◽

Dysfunctional Behavior ◽

Revisit Intention ◽

Self Construal ◽

Secondary Appraisal

The stress and coping theory posits that in the face of negative consumption situations, individuals experience a sequential process: primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and behavioral outcomes. Drawing on the theory, the purpose of the study is to test (a) the mediating effects of coping strategies (i.e., secondary appraisal) between the severity of spectator dysfunctional behavior (SDB; i.e., primary appraisal) and revisit intention and (b) the moderating effects of self-construal (i.e., interdependence vs. independence). Across two studies, using a survey experiment (Study 1) and a repeated-measures survey experiment (Study 2), the findings indicate that coping strategies (i.e., active, expressive, and denial coping) significantly and uniquely mediated the relationship between the severity of SDB (high vs. low) and revisit intention. Furthermore, in responding to highly severe SDB, spectators with interdependent self-construal engaged more in active and expressive coping, and less in denial coping and revisit intention than those with independent self-construal. Overall, the present study highlights (a) the importance of coping strategies for a clearer understanding of the SDB–revisit intention relationship and (b) a boundary condition of self-construal for the influences of SDB on coping strategies and revisit intention.

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PASA – Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal

Verhaltenstherapie ◽

10.1159/000223610 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 114-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Jens Gaab

Keyword(s):

Primary Appraisal ◽

Secondary Appraisal

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The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040/a000390 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

David J. K. Hardecker

Keyword(s):

Communicative Function ◽

Primary Appraisal ◽

Action Tendency ◽

Secondary Appraisal ◽

Behavioral Expressions ◽

Narrow Concept

Abstract. What is the nature of feeling hurt? This question is answered by systematically reviewing and integrating theories and empirical findings on feeling hurt using Lazarus’ theory of emotion. Following this approach, feeling hurt is constituted by a primary appraisal of an illegitimate devaluation and by a secondary appraisal of low controllability. This appraisal pattern activates an action tendency to withdraw from an interaction. This theory leads to several hypotheses for the appraisal (e.g., that an increase in appraisals of controllability should turn hurt into anger) on facial, bodily, and behavioral expressions as well as on the communicative function of feeling hurt. Furthermore, important conceptual distinctions between a broad and a narrow concept of feeling hurt as well as between feeling hurt as an emotion and a long-term emotional episode of hurt are introduced. Finally, feeling hurt is compared with humiliation, shame, guilt, disappointment, sadness, and anger.

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