scholarly journals Expressing unconscious general knowledge using Chevreul’s pendulum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltan Dienes ◽  
Gyorgy Moga
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Report ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Ouija Board

Can unconscious knowledge be elicited by ideomotor action when the knowledge fails to be elicited by verbal reports? Using a Ouija board, Gauchou et al. (2012), found ideomotor action produced substantial accuracy for general knowledge questions previously rated as pure “guesses”, and for which later verbal reports produced accuracy close to chance. We replicated the procedure substituting Chevreul’s pendulum rather than a Ouija board. We found that questions whose answer was previously rated as a guess, were answered equally well and at about chance levels by ideomotor action and verbal responses. Thus, one cannot presume that ideomotor action rather than verbal report will allow greater knowledge to be expressed in any particular context, including therefore the hypnotherapy one. An ideomotor action may elicit only conscious knowledge. Further research is recommended to clarify this important issue.

The Familiar-Size Cue to Depth under Reduced-Cue Viewing Conditions

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1301-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Predebon ◽  
Jacob Steven Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Major Determinant ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Familiar Size ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Direct Reports ◽  
Visual Conditions

The familiar-size cue to perceived depth was investigated in five experiments. The stimuli were stationary familiar objects viewed monocularly under otherwise completely darkened visual conditions. Perceived depth was measured directly with the method of verbal report and indirectly with the head-motion procedure. Although the familiar-size cue influenced verbal reports of the distances of the objects, it did not determine perceived depth as assessed with the head-motion procedure. These findings support the claim that familiar size is not a major determinant of perceived depth, and that cognitive or nonperceptual factors mediate the effects of familiar size on direct reports of depth and distance. Possible reasons for the failure of familiar size to influence the head-motion-derived measures of perceived depth are discussed with particular emphasis on the role of motion parallax in determining perceptions of depth and relative distance.

Effects of Reading Ability on Children's Comprehension Evaluation and Regulation

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Zabrucky ◽  
Hilary Horn Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Reading Ability ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Comprehension Monitoring ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Good Readers ◽  
On Line ◽  
Good And Poor Readers ◽  
Multidimensional Process

Good and poor readers in the sixth grade ( M age = 11.92 years) were videotaped reading inconsistent stories presented one sentence at a time. Children's comprehension evaluation was assessed with on-line (reading times) and verbal report measures; comprehension regulation was assessed by examining look-backs during reading. All children read inconsistencies more slowly than consistent control information but good readers were more likely than poor readers to look back at inconsistencies during reading, to give accurate verbal reports of passage consistency following reading, and to recall text inconsistencies. Results highlight the importance of using multiple comprehension monitoring measures in assessing children's abilities and of treating comprehension monitoring as a multidimensional process.

Factors Complicating the Diagnosis of Depression in Cerebrovascular Disease, Part Ii — Neurological Deficits and Various Assessment Methods*

1994 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 601-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajamannar Ramasubbu ◽  
Sidney H. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Assessment ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Biological Variables

Neurological deficits associated with cerebrovascular disease such as aphasia, dementia, anosognosia and aprosodia may impair the ability to express or experience depressive symptoms. Identification of depression in the absence of verbal report on subjective mood state is a difficult task. The value of various diagnostic methods including depressive rating scales, standard psychiatric interviews and biological variables in the diagnosis of depression in cerebrovascular disease is considered. This review concludes by focusing on the deficiencies of existing approaches in the diagnostic assessment of depression in patients with severe communication and comprehension deficits and emphasizes the importance of devising a standard diagnostic method with less reliance on verbal responses.

Innovative assessment of aviation English in a virtual world: Windows into cognitive and metacognitive strategies

ReCALL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moonyoung Park
Keyword(s):  
Virtual World ◽  
Core Competency ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Metacognitive Strategies ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Cognitive And Metacognitive Strategies ◽  
Aviation English

AbstractAviation English proficiency is a core competency in the global air traffic controller profession. There is, however, growing concern about the current ineffective paper-based assessment methods and the severe lack of interactive online testing for such a critical profession, one that should be ideally assessed in an authentic task and situation (Alderson, 2010; Douglas, 2013). The tests, which lack validity and authenticity, cannot capture how knowledge of aviation English communication and strategic competence are used through valid means and, therefore, inevitably fail to predict how test takers actually perform in the target language use situations (Douglas, 2000). In the present study, the researcher examines the potential use of verbal report data produced by test takers interacting in a virtual testing environment. The research seeks to answer two specific questions: (a) What types of strategies are used in the virtual aviation English task performance? and (b) How can the assessed strategies be interpreted in relation to test takers’ performance? The analysis of the test takers’ verbal reports from stimulated recalls indicates that various cognitive, metacognitive, and communication strategies were used while performing the Virtual Interactive Tasks for Aviation English Assessment, and that there is a positive relationship between the total number of cognitive and metacognitive strategies adopted and the test scores. The findings suggest that the use of an immersive interface and simulated tasks in a virtual world could provide language learners with more authentic opportunities to perform the target tasks and promote strategic, as well as linguistic, competence.

TRIANGULATING MEASURES OF AWARENESS

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Rebuschat ◽  
Phillip Hamrick ◽  
Kate Riestenberg ◽  
Rebecca Sachs ◽  
Nicole Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Learning Without Awareness ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Learning ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Williams’s (2005) study on “learning without awareness” and three subsequent extensions (Faretta-Stutenberg & Morgan-Short, 2011; Hama & Leow, 2010; Rebuschat, Hamrick, Sachs, Riestenberg, & Ziegler, 2013) have reported conflicting results, perhaps in part due to differences in how awareness has been measured. The present extension of Williams (2005) addresses this possibility directly by triangulating data from three awareness measures: concurrent verbal reports (think-aloud protocols), retrospective verbal reports (postexposure interviews), and subjective measures (confidence ratings and source attributions). Participants were exposed to an artificial determiner system under incidental learning conditions. One experimental group thought aloud during training, another thought aloud during training and testing, and a third remained silent, as did a trained control group. All participants were then tested by means of a forced-choice task to establish whether learning took place. In addition, all participants provided confidence ratings and source attributions on test items and were interviewed following the test. Our results indicate that, although all experimental groups displayed learning effects, only the silent group was able to generalize the acquired knowledge to novel instances. Comparisons of concurrent and retrospective verbal report data shed light on the conflicting findings previously reported in the literature and highlight important methodological issues in implicit and explicit learning research.

Adaptation de l'inventaire d'anxiété situationnelle et de trait d'anxiété aux personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus (IASTA-Y65 +)

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Bouchard ◽  
Janel Gauthier ◽  
Hans Ivers ◽  
Jacqueline Paradis
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Personnes Âgées ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Scale Item

ABSTRACTThis article reports on two studies that describe the adaptation of Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (form Y) for people aged 65 and older. The aim of the first study is to assess the necessity to modify the format of the STAI for the aged. Verbal reports of 22 subjects suggest difficulties reading the items, respecting the instructions and using the Likert scale. Item-remainder correlations supported these observations. Therefore, the size of the text was doubled and the state or trait instructions, as well as the choices of the Likert scale, were repeated in each item. A second study is carried out to test if these modifications enhanced the understanding of the items, and simplified the use of the STAI-Y. Verbal report and internal consistency showed a significant improvement. Our results support the recommendation of other authors that adapting an instrument for the elderly necessitates important modifications.

The operational analysis of psychological terms

1984 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. F. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Private Events ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
The Public ◽  
Operational Analysis ◽  
Functional Relations ◽  
Consistent Reinforcement ◽  
Verbal Communities ◽  
Verbal Community

AbstractThe major contributions of operationism have been negative, largely because operationists failed to distinguish logical theories of reference from empirical accounts of language. Behaviorism never finished an adequate formulation of verbal reports and therefore could not convincingly embrace subjective terms. But verbal responses to private stimuli can arise as social products through the contingencies of reinforcement arranged by verbal communities.In analyzing traditional psychological terms, we need to know their stimulus conditions (“finding the referent”), and why each response is controlled by that condition. Consistent reinforcement of verbal responses in the presence of stimuli presupposes stimuli acting upon both the speaker and the reinforcing community, but subjective terms, which apparently are responses to private stimuli, lack this characteristic. Private stimuli are physical, but we cannot account for these verbal responses by pointing to controlling stimuli, and we have not shown how verbal communities can establish and maintain the necessary consistency of reinforcement contingencies.Verbal responses to private stimuli may be maintained through appropriate reinforcement based on public accompaniments, or through reinforcements accorded responses made to public stimuli, with private cases then occurring by generalization. These contingencies help us understand why private terms have never formed a stable and uniform vocabulary: It is impossible to establish rigorous vocabularies of private stimuli for public use, because differential reinforcement cannot be made contingent upon the property of privacy. The language of private events is anchored in the public practices of the verbal community, which make individuals aware only by differentially reinforcing their verbal responses with respect to their own bodies. The treatment of verbal behavior in terms of such functional relations between verbal responses and stimuli provides a radical behaviorist alternative to the operationism of methodological behaviorists.

Rethinking protocol analysis from a cultural perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Smagorinsky
Keyword(s):  
Protocol Analysis ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Historical Activity

Some form of verbal report — that is, a research participant's concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities — has been used throughout this century as the data base from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for use of one such method, protocol analysis, to investigate cognition from an information processing (IP) perspective. They have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the cognitive processes used when people attend to information stored in short term memory (STM) in order to solve problems. Cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), with its concern for the mediation of human development by culturally- and historically-grounded signs and tools based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, suggests a different view of protocol analysis. In this chapter I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relationship between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint; (b) the social role of speech in research methodology; and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is to illustrate how use of verbal reports can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions necessary to use it from a CHAT perspective.

scholarly journals Non-Verbal Pain Assessment: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Che Badariah AA ◽  
Shamsul Kamalrujan H
Keyword(s):  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Clinical Pain ◽  
As Stress

Pain is influenced by multiple factors including personal experience, psychological, sociocultural and situational factors. Failure to recognise pain will lead to poor patient management and deleterious effect on the patients’ wellbeing. Assessing pain in paediatric and cognitively compromised patients remains a challenge. Pain assessment in these groups of patients depends on the observers’ assessment and studies have shown the discrepancy between the observers’ assessment and patients’ verbal report. A specific and accurate tool is required to assist in the pain assessment. Although there are assessment tools available using behaviour scoring system and physiological indicators, none of the tool demonstrates its superiority than the others. Biochemical indicators such as stress hormones are frequently measured and used in con-junction with verbal reports; however they are non specific to pain and are increased in inflammation, haemodynamic and emotional changes. The association between immunological indicators e.g. IL-1 , IL-6, IL- 8 and clinical pain has been shown, however; the definite correlation of the changes in the indicators and the level of pain is still unclear and may require further investigation.

An Apparatus for Indirect Measurement of Perceived Distance

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter C. Gogel ◽  
Robert E. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
A Direct Method

Two methods of measuring perceived distance are contrasted. One of these, called a direct method, accepts the observer's direct response to perceived distance as a valid measure of the distance perceived. The other, called an indirect measure, uses the observer's direct response to a perception that is not perceived distance but which has a known relation to perceived distance in order to calculate the distance perceived. There are indications that the direct measure of perceived distance provided by the verbal report sometimes will be modified by cognitive factors. A procedure and apparatus for an indirect measure is suggested which is likely to be free of the cognitive effects found in verbal reports of distance. This apparatus adjusts the distance around which the line-of-sight to the object pivots as the head is moved laterally. The pivot distance at which no apparent motion of the object occurs with head motion is a measure of the perceived distance of the object.

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