scholarly journals Identifying atypical change at the individual level from childhood to adolescence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Individual Change ◽  
Important Goal ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Individual

Identifying change at the individual level is an important goal for researchers, educators, and clinicians. We present a set of statistical procedures for identifying individuals who depart from a normative change. Using Latent Change Scores models (LCS), we illustrate how the Individual Likelihood computed from a statistical model for change (IL) and from an alternative unrestricted model (ILsat) can be used to identify atypical trajectories in situations with several measurement occasions. Using LCS and linear regression, we also show how the observed and latent change residuals can be used to identify atypical individual change between 2 measurement occasions. We apply these methods to a measure of general verbal ability (from WISC–R), from a large sample of individuals assessed every 2 years from Grade 1 to 9. We demonstrate the efficiency of these techniques, illustrate their use to identify individual change in longitudinal data, and discuss potential applications in developmental research.

scholarly journals What to Do When Accumulated Exposure Affects Health but Only Its Duration Was Measured? A Case of Linear Regression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Burstyn ◽  
Francesco Barone-Adesi ◽  
Frank de Vocht ◽  
Paul Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
External Information ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: We considered a problem of inference in epidemiology when cumulative exposure is the true dose metric for disease, but investigators are only able to measure its duration on each subject. Methods: We undertook theoretical analysis of the problem in the context of a continuous response caused by cumulative exposure, when duration and intensity of exposure follow log-normal distributions, such that analysis by linear regression is natural. We present a Bayesian method to adjust duration-only analysis to incorporate partial knowledge about the relationship between duration and intensity of exposure and illustrate this method in the context of association of smoking and lung function. Results: We derive equations that (a) describe under what circumstances bias arises when duration of exposure is used as a proxy of cumulative exposure, (b) quantify the degree of such bias and loss of precision, and (c) describe how knowledge about relationship of duration and intensity of exposure can be used to recover an estimate of the effect of cumulative exposure when only duration was observed on every subject. Conclusions: Under our assumptions, when duration and intensity of exposure are either independent or positively correlated, we can be more confident in qualitatively interpreting the direction of effects that arise from use of duration of exposure per se. To make reliable inference about the magnitude of effect of cumulative exposure on the outcome, we can use external information on the relationship between duration and intensity of exposure even if intensity of exposure is not available at the individual level.

scholarly journals What to Do When Accumulated Exposure Affects Health but Only Its Duration Was Measured? A Case of Linear Regression

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Burstyn ◽  
Francesco Barone-Adesi ◽  
Frank de Vocht ◽  
Paul Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
External Information ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: We considered a problem of inference in epidemiology when cumulative exposure is the true dose metric for disease, but investigators are only able to measure its duration on each subject. Methods: We undertook theoretical analysis of the problem in the context of a continuous response caused by cumulative exposure, when duration and intensity of exposure follow log-normal distributions, such that analysis by linear regression is natural. We present a Bayesian method to adjust duration-only analysis to incorporate partial knowledge about the relationship between duration and intensity of exposure and illustrate this method in the context of association of smoking and lung function. Results: We derive equations that (a) describe under what circumstances bias arises when duration of exposure is used as a proxy of cumulative exposure, (b) quantify the degree of such bias and loss of precision, and (c) describe how knowledge about relationship of duration and intensity of exposure can be used to recover an estimate of the effect of cumulative exposure when only duration was observed on every subject. Conclusions: Under our assumptions, when duration and intensity of exposure are either independent or positively correlated, we can be more confident in qualitatively interpreting the direction of effects that arise from use of duration of exposure per se. We can use external information on the relationship between duration and intensity of exposure (namely: correlation and variance of intensity), even if intensity of exposure is not available at the individual level, to make reliable inferences about the magnitude of effect of cumulative exposure on the outcome.

scholarly journals Trends in Social Capital: Membership of Associations in Great Britain, 1991–98

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN WARDE ◽  
GINDO TAMPUBOLON ◽  
BRIAN LONGHURST ◽  
KATHRYN RAY ◽  
MIKE SAVAGE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Voluntary Association ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Voluntary Association Membership

This Note uses the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) to consider the changing volume and distribution of voluntary association membership (and hence social capital) in Great Britain. We aim to supplement Hall's study of trends in social capital published in this Journal with more recent and longitudinal data. This allows us to show that whilst the volume of social capital is not declining, it is becoming increasingly class specific, and that its relative aggregate stability masks considerable turnover at the individual level. These findings are significant for current debates on social capital.

scholarly journals Foundations of Idiographic Methods in Psychology and Applications for Psychotherapy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Piccirillo ◽  
Thomas Rodebaugh
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Psychotherapy Research ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Idiographic Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Idiographic Methods

Researchers have long called for greater recognition and use of longitudinal, individual-level research in the study of psychopathology and psychotherapy. Much of our current research attempts to indirectly investigate individual-level, or idiographic, psychological processes via group-based, or nomothetic, designs. However, results from nomothetic research do not necessarily translate to the individual-level. In this review, we discuss how idiographic analyses can be integrated into psychotherapy and psychotherapy research. We examine and review key statistical methods for conducting idiographic analyses. These methods include factor-based and vector autoregressive approaches using longitudinal data. The theoretical framework behind each approach is reviewed and critically evaluated. Empirical examples of each approach are discussed, with the aim of helping interested readers consider how they may use idiographic methods to analyze longitudinal data and psychological processes. Finally, we conclude by citing key limitations of the idiographic approach, calling for greater development of these analyses to ease their successful integration into clinical settings.

scholarly journals Current trends in the application of causal inference methods to pooled longitudinal observational infectious disease studies—A protocol for a methodological systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250778
Author(s):  
Heather Hufstedler ◽  
Ellicott C. Matthay ◽  
Sabahat Rahman ◽  
Valentijn M. T. de Jong ◽  
Harlan Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Face ◽  
Business Source Premier ◽  
The Individual

Introduction Pooling (or combining) and analysing observational, longitudinal data at the individual level facilitates inference through increased sample sizes, allowing for joint estimation of study- and individual-level exposure variables, and better enabling the assessment of rare exposures and diseases. Empirical studies leveraging such methods when randomization is unethical or impractical have grown in the health sciences in recent years. The adoption of so-called “causal” methods to account for both/either measured and/or unmeasured confounders is an important addition to the methodological toolkit for understanding the distribution, progression, and consequences of infectious diseases (IDs) and interventions on IDs. In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic and in the absence of systematic randomization of exposures or interventions, the value of these methods is even more apparent. Yet to our knowledge, no studies have assessed how causal methods involving pooling individual-level, observational, longitudinal data are being applied in ID-related research. In this systematic review, we assess how these methods are used and reported in ID-related research over the last 10 years. Findings will facilitate evaluation of trends of causal methods for ID research and lead to concrete recommendations for how to apply these methods where gaps in methodological rigor are identified. Methods and analysis We will apply MeSH and text terms to identify relevant studies from EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, Business Source Premier, CINAHL, EconLit with Full Text, PsychINFO), EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Eligible studies are those that apply causal methods to account for confounding when assessing the effects of an intervention or exposure on an ID-related outcome using pooled, individual-level data from 2 or more longitudinal, observational studies. Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles, will be independently screened by two reviewers using Covidence software. Discrepancies will be resolved by a third reviewer. This systematic review protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020204104).

scholarly journals Adapting the dynamic energy budget (DEB) approach to include non-continuous growth (moulting) and provide better predictions of biological performance in crustaceans

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Elizabeth Talbot ◽  
Stephen Widdicombe ◽  
Chris Hauton ◽  
Jorn Bruggeman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budget ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dynamic Energy Budget ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Biological Performance

Abstract Dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the overall physiological performance (growth, development, respiration, reproduction, etc.) of an organism over the course of its life cycle. We present here a simplified DEB model for the swimming crab Liocarcinus depurator. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first to be presented for this species. Most applications of the standard DEB model assume continuous growth in all size metrics (length, wet mass, carbon content) of the modelled species. However, in crustaceans growth, measured as an increase of carapace length/width, occurs periodically via moult. To account for this, we have extended the model to track the continuous increase in carbon mass as well as the episodic increase in physical size. Model predictions were consistent with the patterns in the observed data, predicting both the moult increment and the intermoult period of an individual. In addition to presenting the model itself, we also make recommendations for further development, and evaluate the potential applications of such a model, both at the individual level (e.g. aquaculture) and as a potential tool for population level dynamics (e.g. fisheries stock assessment).

scholarly journals Foundations of Idiographic Methods in Psychology and Applications for Psychotherapy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Piccirillo ◽  
Thomas Rodebaugh
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Psychotherapy Research ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Idiographic Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Idiographic Methods

Researchers have long called for greater recognition and use of longitudinal, individual-level research in the study of psychopathology and psychotherapy. Much of our current research attempts to indirectly investigate individual-level, or idiographic, psychological processes via group-based, or nomothetic, designs. However, results from nomothetic research do not necessarily translate to the individual-level. In this review, we discuss how idiographic analyses can be integrated into psychotherapy and psychotherapy research. We examine and review key statistical methods for conducting idiographic analyses. These methods include factor-based and vector autoregressive approaches using longitudinal data. The theoretical framework behind each approach is reviewed and critically evaluated. Empirical examples of each approach are discussed, with the aim of helping interested readers consider how they may use idiographic methods to analyze longitudinal data and psychological processes. Finally, we conclude by citing key limitations of the idiographic approach, calling for greater development of these analyses to ease their successful integration into clinical settings.

scholarly journals Motivasi Petani dalam Optomalisasi Pemanfaatan Pekarangan di Kecamatan Puncak Sorik Marapi

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar ◽  
Nurliana Harahap ◽  
Layla Rahma Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Integrated Agriculture ◽  
Family Nutrition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Very High

<p><em>Fulfillment of food at the individual level is carried out through activities to optimize the use yards, this activity is intended to anticipate food insecurity in various regions. Utilization of yards is managed through approach of integrated agriculture of types plant, livestock and fish farming, to ensure the continuous availability of diverse foods, in order to fulfill family nutrition. The research objectives are to verify the level of farmers motivation which optimizing the utilization of their yards in Puncak Sorik Marapi District. The research uses descriptive analysis by a quantitative approach. Furthermore, the data were collected by a questionnaire instrument which it had tested for validity and reliability, using multiple linear regression and a Likert scale. The study resulted show that level farmers motivation which optimizing the use of yards in Puncak Sorik Marapi District is in the very high category, namely 80.81%, while the results of linear regression onwhich farmer motivation influenced by optimizing used yards are obtained by the following equation Y = - 0.980 + 0.136x_1-0.023x_2 + 0.432x_3 + 0.135x_4. Further tests using t-count showed that the factors that the significant effect on motivation farmers in optimizing use of their yards were farmers' perceptions (2.651), the role of extension workers (5,464), and farmer characteristics (2.894).</em></p>

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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