Confidence Ratings for Location Memory Not Changed with Metacognitive Aid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Hutcheson ◽  
Olga Vilkov
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Location Memory ◽  
Location Task ◽  
Lower Performance ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Overconfidence Bias ◽  
Shed Light

The Dunning-Kruger overconfidence bias is found in many domains of cognitive performance. Prior studies have shown that people can accurately judge their ability to point to familiar locations relative to other cognitive tasks. This research attempted to investigate the existence of the overconfidence bias in a spatial location task. In doing so, we hope to shed light on the underlying theoretical explanation for the overall effect. It was found that giving participants a chance to use their spatial location memory before having to assess their ability did not affect their self-assessments. It was concluded that the dual-curse account of the Dunning-Kruger effect is a better explanatory position than the metacognitive view, as the dual-curse holds that those with lower performance in a domain have a diminished ability to assess their performance in that domain.

Effects of Fatigue on Cognitive Performance in Long-Duration Simulated Flight Missions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rosa ◽  
Ola Eiken ◽  
Mikael Grönkvist ◽  
Roger Kölegård ◽  
Nicklas Dahlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Fighter Aircraft ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Metacognitive Accuracy

Abstract. Fighter pilots may be exposed to extended flight missions. Consequently, there is increasing concern about fatigue. We investigated the effects of fatigue and cognitive performance in a simulated 11-hr mission in the 39 Gripen fighter aircraft. Five cognitive tasks were used to assess cognitive performance. Fatigue was measured with the Samn–Perelli Fatigue Index. Results showed that performance in the non-executive task degraded after approximately 7 hr. Fatigue ratings showed a matching trend to the performance in this task. Performance in tasks taxing executive functions did not decline. We interpreted that fatigue can be overridden by increased attentional effort for executive tasks but not for non-executive components of cognition. Participants underestimated their performance and metacognitive accuracy was not influenced by fatigue.

The Impact of Cognitive Load on Volitional Running

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1179-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan J. Blakely ◽  
Kyle Wilson ◽  
Paul N. Russell ◽  
William S. Helton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
High Load ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Original Experiment ◽  
The Impact

The effects of physical activity on cognition and the effects of cognitive load on physical activity are complex. Both the nature of the physical activity and cognitive task may influence the interactive effects of performing a physical task while also performing a cognitive task. In a previous study examining the impact of increasing cognitive load on outdoor running speed and the impact of outdoor running on cognitive performance, Blakely et al. (2015) found running speed decreased as cognitive load increased. They also found that the impact of running itself on cognitive performance occurred when the cognitive task was itself demanding (high cognitive load). In the current study we expanded on this previous research by improving the experimental task to rule out peripheral sensory, not central or executive, interference and by incorporating heart rate measures and VO2 max estimates. Twelve runners completed five conditions, two seated cognitive tasks (one low load and one high load), two dual running cognitive tasks and one run only. Results were similar to the original experiment, as the cognitive task became more difficult, voluntary running speed decreased. Also the effects of running on cognitive performance (counting) were found only when the cognitive task was high load.

Seeing and feeling for self and other: Proprioceptive spatial location determines multisensory enhancement of touch

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Flavia Cardini ◽  
Patrick Haggard ◽  
Elisabetta Ladavas
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Tactile Perception ◽  
Tactile Acuity ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Visual Enhancement ◽  
Multisensory Enhancement ◽  
Stimulation Technique ◽  
Shed Light

In the Visual Enhancement of Touch (VET), simply viewing one’s hand improves tactile spatial perception, even though vision is non-informative. While previous studies had suggested that looking at another person’s hand could also enhance tactile perception, no previous study had systematically investigated the differences between viewing one’s body and someone else’s. The aim of this study was to shed light on the relation between visuo–tactile interactions and the self-other distinction. In Experiment 1 we manipulated the spatial location where a hand was seen. Viewing one’s hand enhanced tactile acuity relative to viewing a neutral object, but only when the image of the hand was spatially aligned with the actual location of the participant’s unseen hand. The VET effect did not occur when one’s hand was viewed at a location other than that experienced proprioceptively. In contrast, viewing another’s hand produced enhanced tactile perception irrespective of spatial location. In Experiment 2, we used a multisensory stimulation technique, known as Visual Remapping of Touch, to reduce perceived spatial misalignment of vision and touch. When participants saw an image of their own hand being touched at the same time as the tactile stimulation, the reduction in perceived misalignment caused VET effect to return, even though the spatial location of the images was not consistent with the actual body posture. Our results suggest that multisensory modulation of touch depends on a representation of one’s body that is fundamentally spatial in nature. In contrast, representation of others is free from this spatial constraint.

scholarly journals Sexual orientation related differences in spatial memory

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
QAZI RAHMAN ◽  
GLENN D. WILSON ◽  
SHARON ABRAHAMS
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Location Memory ◽  
Object Location Memory ◽  
Spatial Layouts ◽  
Males And Females

The purpose of this study was to investigate and extend previously reported sex differences in object location memory by comparing the performance of heterosexual and homosexual males and females. Subjects were 240 healthy, right-handed heterosexual and homosexual males and females. They were instructed to study 16 common, gender-neutral objects arranged randomly in an array and subsequently tested for object recall, object recognition and spatial location memory. Females recalled significantly more objects than males, although there were no group differences in object recognition. Decomposition of significant interactions between sex and sexual orientation on spatial location memory (controlling for differences in object recall, age and IQ) revealed that heterosexual females and homosexual males scored better than heterosexual males, and no different from each other. There were no differences between homosexual and heterosexual females. The findings suggest that homosexual males and heterosexual females encode, store and retrieve positional and relational information about spatial layouts similarly, pointing to within-sex variations in the neural architecture underlying spatial memory. (JINS, 2003, 9, 376–383.)

Developmental normative data for the Baron-Hopkins Board test of spatial location memory

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 732-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Sue Baron ◽  
Crista Hopp ◽  
Brandi A. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Location Memory ◽  
Board Test

Neurobehavioral and Psychosocial Functioning of Women Exposed to High Altitude in Mountaineering

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole A. Petiet ◽  
Brenda D. Townes ◽  
Robert J. Brooks ◽  
Joel H. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Chronic Hypoxemia ◽  
And Behavior

The effects of chronic hypoxemia upon cognition and behavior were studied in women exposed to high altitude in mountaineering. Neuropsychological tests and psychosocial and physiological questionnaires were given to eight women before, during, and immediately after a Himalayan climb to 20,500 feet. Cognitive functioning remained relatively intact with only two significant decrements, complex abstract reasoning and word-finding ability. Significant changes were found on all psychosocial and physiological questionnaires. Feelings of acceptance of others and anxiety declined significantly. Physical symptoms were greatest during the first five days of ascent. Subjects' self-ratings of mental functioning were significantly better after the expedition than either before or during the climb. Self-assessments were correlated with emotions and physical symptoms, not with actual performances on the test battery. It is suggested that complex cognitive tasks and psychosocial functioning be studied in more detail as these were most influenced by exposure to high altitude in mountaineering.

scholarly journals Unhappiness, health and cognitive ability in old age

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rabbitt ◽  
M. Lunn ◽  
S. Ibrahim ◽  
M. Cobain ◽  
L. McInnes
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Age Related ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

BackgroundTo test whether scores on depression inventories on entry to a longitudinal study predict mental ability over the next 4–16 years.MethodAssociations between scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and on tests of intelligence, vocabulary and memory were analysed in 5070 volunteers aged 49–93 years after differences in prescribed drug consumption, death and drop-out, sex, socio-economic advantage and recruitment cohort effects had also been considered.ResultsOn all cognitive tasks Beck scores on entry, even in the range 0–7 indicating differences in above average contentment, affected overall levels of cognitive performance but not rates of age-related cognitive decline suggesting effects of differences in life satisfaction rather than in depression.ConclusionsA new finding is that, in old age, increments in life satisfaction are associated with better cognitive performance. Implications for interpreting associations between depression inventory scores and cognitive performance in elderly samples are discussed.

Individual Differences in Reported Visual Imagery and Cognitive Performance

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. McKelvie ◽  
Mary M. Rohrberg
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Abstract Reasoning ◽  
Numerical Ability ◽  
And Control

Selected on the basis of their scores on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, 16 High Visualizers and 14 Low Visualizers (equally divided by sex) completed various cognitive tasks thought to involve visual (Space Relations, Watch Rotation) and non-visual (Verbal Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Numerical Ability) processes. Although Low Visualizers (particularly males) were superior to High Visualizers in Numerical Ability, both groups performed equally well on the other tests. Since correlational analyses indicated that scores on the vividness questionnaire and the Gordon Controllability of Imagery Questionnaire were not independent, particularly for females, it was suggested that questionnaires ought to be developed better to differentiate the abilities to generate and control visual images.

scholarly journals Physical Fitness Plays a Crucial Mediator Role in Relationships Among Personal, Social, and Lifestyle Factors With Adolescents' Cognitive Performance in a Structural Equation Model. The Cogni-Action Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanilson Lemes ◽  
Anelise R. Gaya ◽  
Kabir P. Sadarangani ◽  
Nicolas Aguilar-Farias ◽  
Fernando Rodriguez-Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Structural Equation Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Mediator Role

Background: The beneficial relationship between physical fitness and cognitive performance is affected and modulated by a wide diversity of factors that seem to be more sensitive during the development stage, particularly during early adolescence. This study aimed to examine the role of physical fitness considering the multivariate association between age, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), school vulnerability index (SVI), body mass index z-score (BMIz), physical activity, and sleep problems with the cognitive performance in boys and girls.Method: Participants were 1,196 adolescents aged 10–14 years (50.7% of boys) from Chile. Three physical fitness components and eight cognitive tasks were measured. BMIz was determined using growth references by age and sex, whereas questionaries were used to assess sleep problems, physical activity, and HRQOL. SVI was established according to the score given by the Chilean Government to educational establishments. We performed a structural equation model (SEM) to test multivariate associations among study' variables by sex.Results: Fitness was positively associated with boys' and girls' cognitive performance (β = 0.23 and β = 0.17; p = 0.001, respectively). Moreover, fitness presented a significant mediator role in the relationships between BMIz, SVI, and physical activity with cognitive performance (indirect effect). Additionally, SVI showed a negative association both direct and indirect effect in all three fitness components and all cognitive tasks, being this relationship stronger in girls than in boys.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that physical fitness and all its components play a crucial mediator role in the associations between several factors associated with adolescents' cognitive performance. Thereby, educational and health strategies should prioritise improving physical fitness through physical activity. They also should address other factors such as school vulnerability, obesity, and the early gender gap in a comprehensive approach boosting cognitive performance among early adolescents.Trial registration: Research Registry (ID: researchregistry5791).

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