scholarly journals What makes a good query? Prospects for a comprehensive theory of human information acquisition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Meder ◽  
Vincenzo Crupi ◽  
Jonathan D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Good Question ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Advance Theory

Searching for information in a goal-directed manner is central for learning, diagnosis, and prediction. Children continuously ask questions to learn new concepts, doctors do medical tests to diagnose their patients, and scientists perform experiments to test their theories. But what makes a good question? What principles govern human information acquisition and how do people decide which query to conduct to achieve their goals? What challenges need to be met to advance theory and psychology of human inquiry? Addressing these issues, we introduce the conceptual and mathematical ideas underlying different models of the value of information, what purpose these models serve in psychological research, and how they can be integrated in a unified formal framework. We also discuss the conflict between short- and long-term efficiency of prominent methods for query selection, and the resulting normative and methodological implications for studying human sequential search. A final point of discussion concerns the relations between probabilistic (Bayesian) models of the value of information and heuristic search strategies, and the insights than can be gained from bridging different levels of analysis and types of models. We conclude by discussing open questions and challenges that research needs to address to build a comprehensive theory of human information acquisition.

Self-Generated Torque Induced by the Lockable and Self-Locking Differentials within the 4WD Drivetrain

2014 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 268-273
Author(s):  
Marian Truta ◽  
Marin Marinescu ◽  
Radu Vilau ◽  
Octavian Alexa ◽  
Constantin Ovidiu Ilie
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
The Self ◽  
Multiple Tests ◽  
Coefficient Variation ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
The Mathematical Model

This work is dealing with the self-generated torque that occurs within a 4WD military special automotive drivetrain. The mathematical model stated in this paper is confirmed by the means of multiple tests developed in real conditions. The tests were developed in order to reveal both transversal and longitudinal self-generated torque within the drivetrain, on different road surfaces. The present paper also introduces some new concepts, such is for instance the insensitive domain of a self-locking (or a progressively locking) differential. With the aid of this concept we can easier deal with the self-generated torque that is due to the increased internal friction of the differential. Moreover, a general, comprehensive theory can be further issued that could classify the self-locking differentials according to their internal friction and their locking coefficient variation.

scholarly journals Police interview of suspects in China: Developments and analyses

2020 ◽  
pp. 146135572094754
Author(s):  
Fanjing Zeng ◽  
Ching-Yu Huang ◽  
Ray Bull
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Police Interviews ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Chinese Police ◽  
Power Position

This article investigates the power dynamics in police interviews with suspects in China by examining a real-life sample. It first overviews some recent developments and legislation in China regarding police interviewing of suspects, followed by outlining the linguistic and psychological research upon which the analyses are based. The interviews are examined using critical discourse analysis that reveals the high-power position of the Chinese police in suspect interviews. However, the large proportion of open questions found in the interviews is encouraging, as this suggests that regulations outlawing use of evidence obtained by torture or other illegal means are taking effect. This article is the first to empirically examine actual Chinese police interviews with suspects, providing valuable insights for theories and practice.

Adoption as a natural experiment

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY J. HAUGAARD ◽  
CINDY HAZAN
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Adoptive Families ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adoption Research ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Rare Opportunity

Adoption provides a unique opportunity for the study of child development. Because adopted children are raised in families in which they have no genetic relationship with their parents, and possibly none with their siblings, they provide a rare opportunity to study the relative importance of genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences on the development of child characteristics and behaviors. Because children are adopted from a variety of circumstances and at a wide range of ages, studies of adopted children and their families provide researchers the opportunity to examine the short- and long-term influences of a wide range of environments on children's development. Because children are adopted into homes with a range of characteristics (e.g., multiracial homes), adoption provides the opportunity to study the range of influences of these homes on child development. Adoption research that focuses on each of these areas is reviewed in this article. We present conclusions about the value of adoption in psychological research and some reasons why many psychologists ignore the opportunities presented by studying adoptive families, as well as potential useful directions for future research with adopted children and their families.

The Social Consequences of Disasters: Individual and Community Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 671-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Arcaya ◽  
Ethan J. Raker ◽  
Mary C. Waters
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Sociological Studies

We review findings from the last decade of research on the effects of disasters, concentrating on three important themes: the differences between the recovery of places versus people, the need to differentiate between short- and long-term recovery trajectories, and the changing role of government and how it has exacerbated inequality in recovery and engendered feedback loops that create greater vulnerability. We reflect the focus of the majority of sociological studies on disasters by concentrating our review on studies in the United States, but we also include studies on disasters throughout the world if they contribute to our empirical and theoretical understanding of disasters and their impacts. We end with a discussion of the inevitability of more severe disasters as climate change progresses and call on social scientists to develop new concepts and to use new methods to study these developments.

Diagnostic Reasoning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Meder ◽  
Ralf Mayrhofer
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Probabilistic Inference ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Diagnostic Reasoning ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Single Effect ◽  
Causal Structures

This chapter discusses diagnostic reasoning from the perspective of causal inference. The computational framework that provides the foundation for the analyses—probabilistic inference over graphical causal structures—can be used to implement different models that share the assumption that diagnostic inferences are guided and constrained by causal considerations. This approach has provided many critical insights, with respect to both normative and empirical issues. For instance, taking into account uncertainty about causal structures can entail diagnostic judgments that do not reflect the empirical conditional probability of cause given effect in the data, the classic, purely statistical norm. The chapter first discusses elemental diagnostic inference from a single effect to a single cause, then examines more complex diagnostic inferences involving multiple causes and effects, and concludes with information acquisition in diagnostic reasoning, discussing different ways of quantifying the diagnostic value of information and how people decide which information is diagnostically relevant.

Using trade show information to enhance company success: an empirical investigation

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 384-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriette Bettis‐Outland ◽  
Wesley J. Johnston ◽  
R. Dale Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Trade Show ◽  
Trade Shows ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis paper seeks to provide an exploratory empirical study of the variables that are part of the return on trade show information (RTSI) concept, which is based on the use and value of information gathered at a trade show.Design/methodology/approachThe research is designed to explore relationships and identify those variables that are a particularly important part of the RTSI concept. The paper provides an exploratory test of the relationship between a series of variables that are related to the value of information gathered at trade shows. Data were collected from trade show attendees approximately 60 days after the trade show. A multiple regression model was developed that explores the relationship between the dependent variable that focuses on information value and the independent variables on various aspects of information acquisition, information dissemination, and information use.FindingsThe final multiple regression model found a significant relationship for several variables and has an adjusted R2 value of 0.552. Four significant independent variables were identified – one each in the information use and the shared information categories and two in the information acquisition category. These findings present an interesting picture of how information is used within an organization after it is acquired at a trade show.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited by the multiple regression model used to explore the relationships in the data. Also, data from only one trade show were used in the model.Practical implicationsThis paper focuses on the intangible, longer‐term benefits as important considerations when determining the value of new trade show information to the firm. The evaluation of trade show information also should include these intangible benefits, such as improved interdepartmental relations or interactions as well as discussions with other trade show participants in finding new uses for information that impacts the company's future success, as well as shorter‐term benefits such as booth activity.Originality/valueThe paper offers a unique approach for determining the value of information acquired at trade shows. Though information gathering has been included as an outcome variable in previous trade show studies, no other research has studied the value of this new trade show information to the company.

scholarly journals Toward an Integrative Approach to Personality Detection: Connecting Psychological and Artificial Intelligence Research.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Cannata ◽  
Simon Mats Breil ◽  
Mitja Back ◽  
Bruno Lepri ◽  
Denis O'Hora
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Nonverbal Behaviors ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Research ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Personality Judgments ◽  
Personality Computing

Our first impressions of the people we meet are the subject of considerable interest, academic and non-academic. Such initial estimates of another’s personality (e.g., their sociality or agreeableness) are vital, since they enable us to predict the outcomes of interactions (e.g., can we trust them?). Nonverbal behaviors are a key medium through which personality is expressed and detected. The character and reliability of these expression and detection processes have been investigated within two major fields: Psychological research on personality judgments accuracy and Artificial Intelligence research on personality computing. Communication between these fields has, however, been infrequent. In the present perspective, we summarize the contributions and open questions of both fields and propose an integrative approach to combine their strengths and overcome their limitations. The integrated framework will enable novel research programs, such as (i), identifying which detection tasks better suit humans or computers, (ii), harmonizing the nonverbal features extracted by humans and computers, and (iii), integrating human and artificial agents in hybrid systems.

scholarly journals Barriers and Advances in Kidney Preservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Steichen ◽  
S. Giraud ◽  
D. Bon ◽  
B. Barrou ◽  
L. Badet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Kidney Graft ◽  
Kidney Preservation ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Organ Quality ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Oxygen Addition ◽  
Definition Of

Despite the fact that a significant fraction of kidney graft dysfunctions observed after transplantation is due to ischemia-reperfusion injuries, there is still no clear consensus regarding optimal kidney preservation strategy. This stems directly from the fact that as of yet, the mechanisms underlying ischemia-reperfusion injury are poorly defined, and the role of each preservation parameter is not clearly outlined. In the meantime, as donor demography changes, organ quality is decreasing which directly increases the rate of poor outcome. This situation has an impact on clinical guidelines and impedes their possible harmonization in the transplant community, which has to move towards changing organ preservation paradigms: new concepts must emerge and the definition of a new range of adapted preservation method is of paramount importance. This review presents existing barriers in transplantation (e.g., temperature adjustment and adequate protocol, interest for oxygen addition during preservation, and clear procedure for organ perfusion during machine preservation), discusses the development of novel strategies to overcome them, and exposes the importance of identifying reliable biomarkers to monitor graft quality and predict short and long-term outcomes. Finally, perspectives in therapeutic strategies will also be presented, such as those based on stem cells and their derivatives and innovative models on which they would need to be properly tested.

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