scholarly journals Familiarity Plays a Small Role in Noun Comprehension at 12-18 months

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hallie Garrison ◽  
Gladys Baudet ◽  
Elise Breitfeld ◽  
Alexis Aberman ◽  
Elika Bergelson
Keyword(s):  
Word Comprehension ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Perceptual Features ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Intrinsic Component

Infants amass thousands of hours of experience with particular items, each of which is representative of a broader category that often shares perceptual features. Robust word comprehension requires generalizing known labels to new category members. While young infants have been found to look at common nouns when they are named aloud, the role of item familiarity has not been well-examined. This study compares 12-18-month-olds’ word comprehension in the context of pairs of their own items (e.g. photos of their own shoe and ball) versus new tokens from the same category (e.g. a new shoe and ball). Our results replicate previous work showing that noun comprehension improves rapidly over the second year, while also suggesting that item familiarity appears to play a far smaller role in comprehension in this age-range. This in turn suggests that even before age two, ready generalization beyond particular experiences is an intrinsic component of lexical development.

scholarly journals Familiarity Plays a Small Role in Noun Comprehension at 12-18 months

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hallie Garrison ◽  
Gladys Baudet ◽  
Elise Breitfeld ◽  
Alexis Aberman ◽  
Elika Bergelson
Keyword(s):  
Word Comprehension ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Perceptual Features ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Intrinsic Component

Infants amass thousands of hours of experience with particular items, each of which is representative of a broader category that often shares perceptual features. Robust word comprehension requires generalizing known labels to new category members. While young infants have been found to look at common nouns when they are named aloud, the role of item familiarity has not been well-examined. This study compares 12-18-month-olds’ word comprehension in the context of pairs of their own items (e.g. photos of their own shoe and ball) versus new tokens from the same category (e.g. a new shoe and ball). Our results replicate previous work showing that noun comprehension improves rapidly over the second year, while also suggesting that item familiarity appears to play a far smaller role in comprehension in this age-range. This in turn suggests that even before age two, ready generalization beyond particular experiences is an intrinsic component of lexical development.

Preverbal skills in 8-month-old children with sex chromosome trisomies

2020 ◽  
pp. 014272372096294
Author(s):  
Laura Zampini ◽  
Tiziana Burla ◽  
Gaia Silibello ◽  
Elena Capelli ◽  
Francesca Dall’Ara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Word Comprehension ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Observation Session ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Predictive Role ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Vocal Productions

Individuals with sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs) have an increased risk of language delays and impairments. However, there are only a few data relative to their language development in early childhood. The present study aimed to investigate the preverbal skills shown by a group of 8-month-old children with SCTs to assess the presence of a possible early communicative delay. Moreover, the predictive role of early preverbal productions on later lexical development at 24 months was analysed. Twenty-six children with SCTs and 24 typically developing (TD) children participated in the study. Their use of vocal productions and gazes addressed to the communicative partner was assessed during a parent–child observation session held when the children were 8 months old. In addition, the children’s word comprehension at 8 months and their word production at 24 months were indirectly assessed by a parental report. Children’s word comprehension was similar in the two groups of children, whereas a significantly lower frequency per minute of gazes was found in children with SCTs than in TD children. A significantly lower proportion of children with SCTs showed the ability to produce babbling during the observation session, and significant differences were also found in the frequency of babbling utterances. No significant differences emerged among the subgroups of children with different types of SCTs. The predictive role of babbling on later lexical size was found in TD children but not in children with SCTs. This result could be probably explained by the small number of children in this group who could produce babbling utterances. The study leads to identify early signals of delay in the preverbal skills of children with SCTs. Early monitoring of their communicative development could help the clinicians in intervening with well-timed and targeted programmes.

scholarly journals PERAN REGULASI DIRI DALAM BELAJAR DAN KETERLIBATAN AKADEMIK TERHADAP INTENSI MENGUNDURKAN DIRI DENGAN RESILIENSI SEBAGAI MEDIATOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Pricilia Claudia Pattynama ◽  
Riana Sahrani ◽  
Pamela Hendra Heng
Keyword(s):  
College Student ◽  
Academic Engagement ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Regulated Learning ◽  
Second Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Mediator Variable

Pengunduran diri dari perkuliahan merupakan salah satu fenomena yang banyak terjadi pada mahasiswa, terutama mahasiswa strata 1 (S1) di institusi swasta. Penyebab utama fenomena ini adalah adanya intensi mengundurkan diri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran regulasi diri dalam belajar dan keterlibatan akademik terhadap intensi mengundurkan diri dari perkuliahan. Secara khusus, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji resiliensi sebagai variabel mediator. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, dengan 348 mahasiswa yang terdaftar di sebuah Universitas di Jakarta, Indonesia sebagai partisipan penelitian. Partisipan penelitian berusia 18 hingga 25 tahun. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan empat alat ukur yang diadaptasi dari instrumen sebelumnya. Alat ukur tersebut mengukur regulasi diri dalam belajar, keterlibatan akademik, resiliensi dan intensi mengundurkan diri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa resiliensi merupakan variabel mediator antara regulasi diri dalam belajar dan keterlibatan akademik terhadap intensi mengundurkan diri dari perkuliahan. Intensi tinggi untuk mengundurkan diri ditemukan pada mahasiswa di fakultas kedokteran serta mahasiswa tahun kedua. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa keterlibatan akademik paling berkontribusi terhadap intensi mengundurkan diri dibandingkan regulasi diri dalam belajar dan resiliensi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, mahasiswa perlu meregulasi diri dalam perkuliahan, membangun rasa terlibat dengan proses studi, serta perlu memiliki resiliensi agar semakin memiliki intensi rendah untuk mengundurkan diri. Drop out of college students is a rising phenomenon, especially in private institution. The main cause of this phenomenon is drop out intention. The goal of this research was to investigate the role of self-regulated learning and academic engagement to predict college student drop out intention. Specifically, this research aim to test resilience as a mediator variable between self-regulated learning and academic engagement in drop out intention. This study conducted quantitative approach with 348 student enrolled in a University in Jakarta, Indonesia as participant. Participants’ age range from 18 to 25 years. Data collected from four instruments adapted from previous instrument measured self regulated learning, academic engagement, resilience and drop out intention. Result showed that resilience mediated self regulated learning and academic engagement to drop out intention. High level of drop out intention found in medical student and second year student. Academic engagement has the most contribution to drop out intention. Result showed that college student need to develop self-regulated learning, feel engage with their learning process in institution, and have resilience in order to reduce drop out intention.

Social and Temporal Comparisons as Moderators of Psychological Resources Associations With Wellbeing

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasida Ben-Zur
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Age Range ◽  
General Wellbeing

Abstract. The current study investigated the associations of psychological resources, social comparisons, and temporal comparisons with general wellbeing. The sample included 142 community participants (47.9% men; age range 23–83 years), who compared themselves with others, and with their younger selves, on eight dimensions (e.g., physical health, resilience). They also completed questionnaires assessing psychological resources of mastery and self-esteem, and three components of subjective wellbeing: life satisfaction and negative and positive affect. The main results showed that high levels of psychological resources contributed to wellbeing, with self-enhancing social and temporal comparisons moderating the effects of resources on certain wellbeing components. Specifically, under low levels of mastery or self-esteem self-enhancing social or temporal comparisons were related to either higher life satisfaction or positive affect. The results highlight the role of resources and comparisons in promoting people’s wellbeing, and suggest that self-enhancing comparisons function as cognitive coping mechanisms when psychological resources are low.

Have Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients an Increased Cancer Risk?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Gian Luca Vita ◽  
Luisa Politano ◽  
Angela Berardinelli ◽  
Giuseppe Vita
Keyword(s):  
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Dmd Gene ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Prevalence Of Cancer

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene is involved in the occurrence of different types of cancer. Moreover, development of sarcomas was reported in mdx mice, the murine model of DMD, in older age. So far, nine isolated DMD patients were reported with concomitant cancer, four of whom with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), but no systematic investigation was performed about the true incidence of cancer in DMD. Methods: All members of the Italian Association of Myology were asked about the occurrence of cancer in their DMD patients in the last 30 years. Results: Four DMD patients with cancer were reported after checking 2455 medical records. One developed brain tumour at the age of 35 years. Two patients had alveolar RMS at 14 and 17 years of age. The fourth patient had a benign enchondroma when 11-year-old. Conclusion: Prevalence of cancer in general in the Italian DMD patients does not seem to be different from that in the general population with the same age range. Although the small numbers herein presented do not allow definitive conclusion, the frequent occurrence of RMS in DMD patients raises an alert for basic researchers and clinicians. The role of DMD gene in cancer merits further investigations.

scholarly journals Sperm Cryopreservation in American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus Ruber): Influence of Cryoprotectants and Seminal Plasma Removal

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
María Gemma Millán de la Blanca ◽  
Eva Martínez-Nevado ◽  
Cristina Castaño ◽  
Juncal García ◽  
Berenice Bernal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sperm Cryopreservation ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Family ◽  
Second Year ◽  
American Flamingo ◽  
Phoenicopterus Ruber

The American flamingo is a useful model for the development of successful semen cryopreservation procedures to be applied to threatened related species from the family Phoenicopteridae, and to permit genetic material banking. Current study sought to develop effective sperm cryopreservation protocols through examining the influences of two permeating cryoprotectants and the seminal plasma removal. During two consecutive years (April), semen samples were collected and frozen from American flamingos. In the first year, the effect of two permeating cryoprotectants, DMA (dimethylacetamide) (6%) or Me2SO (dimethylsulphoxide) (8%), on frozen–thawed sperm variables were compared in 21 males. No differences were seen between DMA and Me2SO for sperm motility, sperm viability, and DNA fragmentation after thawing. In the second year, the role of seminal plasma on sperm cryoresistance was investigated in 31 flamingos. Sperm samples were cryopreserved with and without seminal plasma, using Me2SO (8%) as a cryoprotectant. The results showed that samples with seminal plasma had higher values than samples without seminal plasma for the following sperm variables: Straight line velocity (22.40 µm/s vs. 16.64 µm/s), wobble (75.83% vs. 69.40%), (p < 0.05), linearity (62.73% vs. 52.01%) and straightness (82.38% vs. 73.79%) (p < 0.01); but acrosome integrity was lower (55.56% vs. 66.88%) (p < 0.05). The cryoresistance ratio (CR) was greater in samples frozen with seminal plasma than without seminal plasma for CR-progressive motility (138.72 vs. 54.59), CR-curvilinear velocity (105.98 vs. 89.32), CR-straight line velocity (152.77 vs. 112.58), CR-average path velocity (122.48 vs. 98.12), CR-wobble (111.75 vs. 102.04) (p < 0.05), CR-linearity (139.41 vs. 113.18), and CR-straightness (124.02 vs. 109.97) (p < 0.01). This research demonstrated that there were not differences between Me2SO and DMA to successful freezing sperm of flamingos; seminal plasma removal did not provide a benefit for sperm cryopreservation.

Autopsy Study of Calretinin Immunohistochemistry in the Anorectal Canal in Young Infants and Potential Implications for Rectal Biopsy Approach in the Neonatal Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 109352662110301
Author(s):  
Heather Rytting ◽  
Zachary J Dureau ◽  
Jose Velazquez Vega ◽  
Beverly B Rogers ◽  
Hong Yin
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Hirschsprung Disease ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
Pathologic Diagnosis ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Autopsy Specimens ◽  
Pectinate Line ◽  
Age Range

Background Absent submucosal ganglion cells in biopsies 1-3 cm above the pectinate line establishes the pathologic diagnosis of Hirschsprung Disease (HD). Calretinin stains both ganglion cells and their mucosal neurites and has gained importance in HD diagnosis. Absent calretinin positive mucosal neurites in biopsies at the appropriate level above the pectinate line is highly specific for HD. Whether this applies to lower biopsies is uncertain. To address this, we studied anorectal canal autopsy specimens from infants. Methods We performed an autopsy study of infant anorectal canal specimens to describe calretinin staining in this region. Calretinin staining was correlated with histologic and gross landmarks. Results In all 15 non-HD specimens, calretinin positive mucosal neurites were present in glandular mucosa up to the anorectal line where neurites rapidly diminished. Age range was preterm 26 weeks to 3 months. Conclusions Calretinin positive mucosal neurites are present in glandular mucosa up to the anorectal line in young infants. This is potentially important regarding neonatal HD biopsy level and diagnosis. Positive calretinin staining at the anorectal line favors normal innervation making HD unlikely. Absent calretinin positive neurites in glandular mucosa is worrisome for HD in young infants, regardless of location.

Secondary Traumatization Among Social Work Students—The Contribution of Personal, Professional, and Environmental Factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Ben-Porat ◽  
Shahar Shemesh ◽  
Ronit Reuven Even Zahav ◽  
Shelly Gottlieb ◽  
Tehila Refaeli
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Work Students ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Self Differentiation

Abstract This study examined the rate of secondary traumatic stress (STS) among social work students and the contribution of background variables, personal resources (mastery and self-differentiation) and environmental resources (supervision satisfaction and peer support) to STS. The sample consisted of 259 social work students at three social work schools in Israel. The findings indicated that the mean level of STS was mild. Of the students, 36 per cent suffered STS to a mild extent, 19 per cent to a moderate extent and 18 per cent reported a ‘high to extreme extent’. A significant contribution was made by the student’s year of study, students in their second year of social work school suffered more severely from STS than did students in their first or third years. A positive contribution was made by the student’s level of exposure and a unique contribution was made by mastery and supervision satisfaction to the explained variance of STS. The findings highlight the importance of raising awareness of STS and its implications for social work students, as well as the necessity of helping students cope with this phenomenon. In addition, the study emphasises the significant role of supervisors in the training agencies and the importance of increasing students’ sense of mastery.

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