scholarly journals Reducing Prejudice By Enhancing the Other Rather than the Self

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Legault ◽  
Deonna Coleman ◽  
Kayla Jurchak ◽  
Nefeli Maria Scaltsas
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Positive Traits ◽  
Ingroup Favoritism

Some research suggests that self-enhancement is widespread and may exacerbate ingroup favoritism. What if, rather than engaging in self-enhancement, individuals focused on enhancing others? Could enhancing others produce less prejudice than self-enhancement? Three studies tested the effect of self-enhancement versus ‘other-enhancement’ on prejudice. In Study 1 (N=95), a repeated measures design showed that participants demonstrated less negative affect and less implicit bias after reflecting on another person’s positive traits relative to their own. In Study 2 (N=169), we extended this effect to outgroup enhancement. Participants who reflected on an outgroup strength showed less negative affect and less racism than those who reflected on an ingroup strength and those in a comparison condition. Study 3 (N=380) validated these experimental effects by showing that other-enhancement is negatively associated with racism and sexism, whereas self-enhancement is not. Study 3 also examined a theorized antecedent of other-enhancement – humility. We discuss the importance of enhancing others in reducing prejudice.

scholarly journals Anxiety and Affect in Successful and Less Successful Elite Female Basketball Players: in-Situ Sampling Before Six Consecutive Games

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Attila Szabo ◽  
Attila Szűcs ◽  
Zoltán Gáspár ◽  
Krisztina Süle
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Sport Competition ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
At Home

Abstract Justification and aim of the study: Successful athletes tend to approach contest situations with different psychological mind-set than their less successful counterparts. The aim of this repeated-measures design study was to assess whether a successful (national league third rank) and a less successful (11th rank) first division women’s basketball team differ in anxiety, positive affect, and negative affect before six consecutive games in the annual championship. Methods: Two psychometrically validated questionnaires, the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT; Martens et al., 1990) and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) were used to measure pre-competitive anxiety and positive-and negative affect. The scales were completed by first division female basketball players, who were members of either the successful or the less successful team, before six matches; three played at home and three played away from home. Results: Successful players reported lower anxiety before games (effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.2) than less successful players. Both teams displayed more positive affect before the games played at home than before the games played away from home (d = .44). However, ratings of the subjective states varied substantially across the games. Conclusion: The results, interpreted in light of an interactional model (Cerin et al., 2000), show that subjective appraisal of each competition situation yields very specific or unique expectations, which in turn determine the psychological states of the players before the upcoming contest.

Self-Representations and Negative Affect in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kelly Avants ◽  
Jerome L. Singer ◽  
Arthur Margolin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discrepancy Theory ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Discrepancy Scores ◽  
Cocaine Users ◽  
Methadone Patients ◽  
Self Discrepancy

In an application of self-discrepancy theory to addiction, the self-representations of cocaine users ( n = 29) were compared to those of methadone-maintained patients ( n = 30) and non-drug-users ( n = 27). Cocaine users had higher Beck depression scores than non-users, and the content of their self-representations was more dysphoric than either non-users or methadone patients. They also reported being most vulnerable to cocaine use when depressed. Given the predominance of dejection-related emotions experienced by cocaine users, self-discrepancy theory would hypothesize that these patients would have higher actual:ideal self-discrepancies than either of the other two groups, and that they would have higher actual:ideal than actual:ought self-discrepancies. Both of these hypotheses were supported. Furthermore, cocaine use was found to be positively related to actual:ideal self-discrepancy scores and to Beck depression scores. Additional drug-related self-representations were also explored using a modified version of the Selves Questionnaire.

scholarly journals The Self-Other Divergence Effect for Doping Likelihood: Mediation by Guilt and Moderation by Moral Agency and Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Ring ◽  
Maria Kavussanu ◽  
Benjamin Walters
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
The Self ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
In Doping ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Divergence Effect ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Rugby Players

Objectives: Self–other divergence refers to individuals judging themselves to be different from others. The authors investigated doping-related self-other divergence.Design: The authors used a quasi-experimental repeated-measures design to compare the effects of an independent variable (perspective: self, other) on doping likelihood and guilt. Method: Rugby players rated doping likelihood and guilt in situations describing two perspectives: self (their own behavior and feelings) and other (another player’s behavior and feelings). They also completed measures of moral agency, identity, perfectionism, and values (moral traits). Results: Doping likelihood was lower and guilt was higher for self-based ratings compared with other-based ratings. The self–other difference in doping likelihood was mediated by guilt and moderated by moral traits (larger for athletes with higher agency and values). Agency and values were more strongly related to self than other doping likelihood. Conclusions: Other-referenced measures differed from self-referenced measures of doping likelihood and guilt, indicating that it is wrong to presume equivalence of measurement.

THE EFFECT OF BALLET DANCE AT IRE ON BODY AND SELF-PERCEPTIONS OF FEMALE DANCERS

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 991-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brena R. Price ◽  
Terry F. Pettijohn
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
And Performance

Body and self-perceptions of female ballet dancers (N = 38) were assessed in a repeated measures design experiment investigating the effects of dance attire. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a ballet class dressed in a black leotard with pink tights or dressed in their choice of loose-fitting clothing referred to by dancers as “junk.” The next day, participants completed a ballet class in the other clothing condition. After completing the ballet class each day, dancers completed surveys regarding self-perceived body image and performance level. Results revealed that participants reported significantly lower self- and body-perception ratings in the leotard with tights attire condition compared to the loose-fitting clothing condition. These results have implications for the effects of required dance attire on female dancer perceptions.

scholarly journals Dissociable roles for the rTPJ and dmPFC in self-other processing: a HD-tDCS study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Martin ◽  
J. Huang ◽  
M. Meinzer
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractBackgroundSocial interaction relies on the integration and distinction of self and other. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) are two regions consistently associated with social processes. Theories of rTPJ function in social cognition include self-other distinction, self-inhibition, or embodied mental rotation, whereas the dmPFC is associated with a wide range of social functions involving understanding and encoding information pertaining to others. However, to date, no study has provided causal evidence for dissociable roles of the rTPJ and dmPFC in social cognition.Method52 healthy young adults were stratified into two studies and received either dmPFC or rTPJ anodal HD-tDCS in a sham-controlled, double-blinded, repeated measures design. Subjects completed a social cognitive battery measuring self-other processing across an implicit and explicit level one (line-of-sight) and level two (mental rotation) visual perspective taking tasks (VPT), as well as self and other encoding effects on episodic memory in order to test the self-reference effect (SRE).ResultsStimulation of the dmPFC selectively enhanced integration of the other perspective into self as indexed by an increase in congruency effect (incongruent-congruent) across both explicit VPT tasks. It also removed the SRE in episodic memory, indexed by increasing the recognition of other-encoded words and reducing the recognition of self-encoded words. Stimulation of the rTPJ resulted in improved inhibition of the self-perspective during level two VPT only, as indexed by a reduction of the congruency effect when taking the other perspective.ConclusionOur results provide the first causal evidence for dissociable roles of the dmPFC and rTPJ in social cognition. This research supports theories suggesting that rTPJ facilitates embodied mental rotation, whereas the dmPFC integrates information relevant to the other into that of the self.

scholarly journals Lifestyle Interventions for Persons with Dementia: Singing your Way Toward Wellness

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 879-879
Author(s):  
Cynthia McDowell ◽  
Sebastian Santana ◽  
André Smith ◽  
Debra Sheets ◽  
Stuart MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

Abstract Arts-based interventions represent an inexpensive, non-pharmacological, and non-invasive approach to help mitigate negative symptoms and improve quality of life for persons with dementia (PwD). The present study examined whether a social singing intervention can modulate patterns of cognitive change and whether select biopsychosocial indicators exhibit concomitant within-person time-varying covariation. Participants with dementia (n=32, mean age=79.6 years; 53% female) engaged weekly in the Voices in Motion project, an intergenerational, social-cognitive choral intervention spanning up to 18 months and 9 individual assessments. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), gait velocity, and positive and negative affect were assessed using an intensive repeated-measures design, with multilevel models of change employed to disaggregate both between- and within-person effects. Across months of the social intervention, several significant within-person time-varying associations were observed; on occasions when a given individual performed one unit faster on gait velocity (p<.05) or one unit lower on negative affect (p<.01), relative to their personal average, there were corresponding improvements in cognitive function. Notably, in contrast, MMSE change remained relatively stable over the course of the 18-month intervention (-0.105, p=0.12), with little between-subject variability in rates of change. These findings imply that, within-persons, reducing comorbidities associated with dementia (e.g., elevated negative affect and its corresponding impact on cognitive resource competition) through participation in a lifestyle intervention may facilitate increases in cognitive, physiological, and psychological function. Implications are discussed with regard to the merits of invoking virtual lifestyle interventions for socially isolated individuals (e.g., PwD and those in residential care).

scholarly journals Does Attentional Focus Influence Psychophysiological Responses to an Acute Bout of Exercise? Evidence From an Experimental Study Using a Repeated-Measures Design

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Meixner ◽  
Cornelia Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Impedance Cardiography ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Cardiovascular Activity ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Attention Focus

Attentional focus during aerobic exercise has been studied in the context of sports performance, injury prevention and affective experience. Previous research suggests that an additional mental task parallel to the physical activity might influence exercise experience and performance. It has been tested if attentional focus influences cardiovascular activity, positive/negative affect, and subjective exertion during a cycling exercise. Data from N = 30 female participants has been collected using a repeated measures design, with the following experimental manipulations: (A) an internal attention focus (i.e., paying attention to force production of the quadriceps muscles), (B) an external attention focus (i.e., paying attention to changes in brightness in the cycling track simulation), and as control conditions, (C) exercise without attention focus (i.e., no specific instruction was given) and (D) no exercise, no attention focus. Subjective affect and subjective exertion were assessed, and changes in cardiovascular activity were recorded via mobile impedance cardiography (ICG) at rest, during and after the exercise, including HR, HRV (RMSSD, HF), PEP, CO, SV, LVET, and RSA. Exercise was associated with adaptations in cardiovascular activity, positive/negative affect, and subjective exertion. However, this did not interact with attentional focus. The original hypothesis could not be supported: instructed attentional focus does not influence affect, exertion, or cardiovascular activity during a cycling exercise. Therefore, attentional focusing during exercise does not appear to put notable additional mental demands on the physically active participant. Nonetheless, impedance cardiography delivered reliable measurements even during the cycling exercise.

scholarly journals Dissociable Roles Within the Social Brain for Self–Other Processing: A HD-tDCS Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 3642-3654 ◽  
Author(s):  
A K Martin ◽  
J Huang ◽  
A Hunold ◽  
M Meinzer
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Social Information ◽  
The Self ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Level 2

Abstract Theories of right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) function in social cognition include self–other distinction, self-inhibition, or embodied rotation, whereas the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) is associated with integrating social information. However, no study has provided causal evidence for dissociable roles of the rTPJ and dmPFC in social cognition. A total of 52 healthy young adults were stratified to receive either dmPFC or rTPJ anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) in a sham-controlled, double-blinded, repeated measures design. Self–other processing was assessed across implicit and explicit level 1 (line-of-sight) and level 2 (mental rotation) visual perspective taking (VPT) tasks, and self–other effects on memory. DmPFC stimulation selectively increased the influence of the allocentric perspective during egocentric perspective taking, indexed by an increase in congruency effect across explicit VPT tasks. Moreover, dmPFC stimulation removed the self-reference effect in episodic memory by increasing the recognition of other and decreasing the recognition of self-encoded words. Stimulation of the rTPJ resulted in improved inhibition of the egocentric-perspective during level 2 VPT only, indexed by a reduction of the congruency effect when taking the allocentric perspective. This research supports theories suggesting that the rTPJ facilitates embodied mental rotation of the self into an alternate perspective, whereas the dmPFC integrates social information relevant to self-directed processes.

Influence of Game Design, Physical Demands, and Skill Involvement on the Subjective Task Load Associated With Various Small-Sided Games Among Elite Junior Rugby League Players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nick Dobbin ◽  
Anthony Atherton ◽  
Colin Hill
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Game Design ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Physical Demands ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Technical Effort

Purpose: To determine if small-sided games (SSGs) could be designed to target specific task loads using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index as well as reporting the influence of the physical and technical demands. Methods: Using a within-session, repeated-measures design, 26 junior rugby league players completed 5 SSGs focused on physical, technical, temporal, cognitive, and frustration task loads. National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index responses were evaluated after each game; the physical demands were recorded using microtechnology; and skill involvement recorded using video analysis. Results: In each SSG, the task load emphasized (eg, physical load/physical game) emerged with a higher score than the other loads and SSGs. The physical demands were lowest during the physical game (effect size = −3.11 to 3.50) and elicited greater defensive involvements (effect size = 0.12 to 3.19). The highest physical demands and attacking involvements were observed during the temporal game. Lower intensity activities were generally negatively associated with physical, performance, temporal, and total load (η2 = −.07 to −.43) but positively associated with technical, effort, cognitive, and frustration (η2 = .01 to .33). Distance covered in total and at higher speeds was positively associated with physical, effort, performance, total load (η2 = .18 to .65), and negatively associated with technical, frustration, and cognitive load (η2 = −.10 to −.36). Attacking and defensive involvements generally increased the respective task loads (η2 = .03 to .41). Conclusion: Coaches and sport scientists can design SSGs specifically targeted at subjective task loads in a sport-specific manner and through manipulation of the physical and technical demands.

Cognitive Test Performance and Background Music

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1435-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey Cockerton ◽  
Simon Moore ◽  
Dale Norman
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Music Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Background Music ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Cognitive Test Performance

This study examined the effects of background music on test performance. In a repeated-measures design 30 undergraduates completed two cognitive tests, one in silence and the other with background music. Analysis suggested that music facilitated cognitive performance compared with the control condition of no music: more questions were completed and more answers were correct. There was no difference in heart rate under the two conditions. The improved performance under the music condition might be directly related to the type of music used.

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