scholarly journals Endorsing Negative Intergroup Attitudes to Justify Failure To Confront Prejudice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Szekeres ◽  
Eran Halperin ◽  
Anna Kende ◽  
Tamar Saguy
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Harmful Consequence ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Do So ◽  
Prior Attitudes

While most people believe they would speak up against prejudice, many fail to do so. We identify a harmful consequence of such inaction through examining its impact on bystanders’ own prejudice. Across four studies in two countries (N=1003), using a behavioral paradigm and experimental pretest-posttest design, participants witnessed prejudice and discrimination against an outgroup minority (Jewish/Roma in Hungary, Muslim/Latinx in US). Drawing on self-justification theories, we predicted and found across studies 1-3, that those who had an opportunity but did not confront, endorsed more negative intergroup attitudes following the incident both compared to their own prior attitudes and to control groups, i.e., those who witnessed the same prejudice but had no opportunity to confront, and those who did not to confront different (non-intergroup) prejudice. In study 4, the proposed effect occurred only among those who initially valued confronting. We suggest that failure to speak up amplifies prejudice in society.

Problems of Personality

1931 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Garry Cleveland Myers
Keyword(s):  
Speak Up ◽  
Do So

“She shouts at him to ‘speak up’ or ‘talk louder.’ He tries to do so, but has been so frightened by the curt demand that after uttering a few words he reverts to speaking still more indistinctly and inaudibly.”

Silence is not Golden: Motivating Employee Voice through Inclusive Leadership

2020 ◽  
pp. 109634802096369
Author(s):  
Phillip M. Jolly ◽  
Lindsey Lee
Keyword(s):  
Basic Needs ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Employee Voice ◽  
Leader Behaviors ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
What Works ◽  
Direct Knowledge ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Satisfaction Theory ◽  
Do So

Given the dynamic nature of the hospitality industry, firms must continuously improve to remain viable. Many innovations and improvements in service are driven by the experiences of employees on the front lines of service delivery, who have direct knowledge of what works and what does not in the day-to-day operation of a hospitality business. Unfortunately, research indicates that employees are not likely to speak up with opinions, ideas, and suggestions, behavior known as employee voice, unless they have some motivation to do so. Drawing on basic need satisfaction theory, we hypothesized and found that inclusive leader behaviors are associated with the satisfaction of followers’ basic needs for relatedness and competence. In turn, the satisfaction of these basic needs was associated with increases in employee self-reported voice behavior. Our findings provide important insights into the kinds of leader behaviors that may drive employee voice.

Of Race and Religion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mir ◽  
Saadia Toor ◽  
Raza Mir
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Cultural Form ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race And Racialization ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Race And Religion ◽  
Do So

Prejudice and discrimination in the US against those perceived to be Muslim has reached an all-time high, yet not enough attention has been paid to this phenomenon within the field of management studies. In this chapter, we make the case for why management scholars must address this issue, and do so from within a framework of race and racialization. We show that racism today primarily exists in a cultural form, which is harder to identify and therefore address. Drawing on important insights offered by scholars from various disciplines, we outline the important relationship between religious, and specifically anti-Muslim, prejudice in the West and the origins and evolution of the idea of race. The racialization of Muslims today draws on this history and the various discourses of race so as to construct ‘the Muslim’ as the radical Other of a liberal and progressive West.

scholarly journals Interlanguage or Technology when Using English as Vehicular Language: what influences students productions online?

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Milagros Torrado-Cespón
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
New Research ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

<p>This article seeks to explore what influences the production of accurate online written texts in English by speakers of Spanish. In order to do so, the cases where the pronoun “I” is not capitalized have been examined in detail to determine whether we are facing an error due to a lack of proficiency or whether the use of ICT is to blame. After going through the cases of “i” and observing the other mistakes made in the texts where they appear, ICT together with lack of proofreading, and interlanguage seem to be the possible answers. Although we can establish the use of technology and, therefore, Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) as the cause of most cases in analogy with what happens with native speakers, further investigation is needed and new research with similar control groups where explicit corrective feedback is given could give us more clues about the behaviour of the participants.</p>

scholarly journals Moral Credentials, Intergroup Attitudes, and Regulatory Focus Interactively Affect Support for Affirmative Action

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Lalot ◽  
Juan M. Falomir-Pichastor
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
The Self ◽  
Motivational Orientation ◽  
Moral Action ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Behavioral Consistency ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Do So

Abstract People generally tend to stay consistent in their attitudes and actions but can feel licensed to act less-than-virtuously when an initial moral action provides an excuse to do so (i.e., moral self-licensing). A handful of studies have tested how relevant initial attitudes moderate the self-licensing effect but yielded mixed findings: Initial attitudes either decrease, increase, or do not influence licensing dynamics. To account for these inconsistent findings, we propose that the effect of attitudes could itself interact with other factors, notably motivational orientation. We conducted two studies taking into account initial attitudes, absence/presence of moral credentials, and participants’ chronic regulatory focus. Drawing from self-completion theory, we expected self-licensing to occur specifically amongst prevention-focused participants holding positive intergroup attitudes. Results supported this prediction. Prevention-focused participants with positive intergroup attitudes supported affirmative action policies to a lesser extent when they had acquired moral credentials, as compared to when they had not (i.e., self-licensing), t(329) = –3.79, p < .001, d = –.42, 95% CI [–.64, –.20]. Additionally, promotion-focused participants holding positive intergroup attitudes supported affirmative action policies to a greater extent when they had acquired moral credentials (i.e., behavioral consistency), t(329) = 2.44, p = .015, d = .27, 95% CI [.05, .49].

Through their eyes: Israeli-Arab students speak up through participatory documentary photography projects

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawia Hayik
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Critical Literacy ◽  
English Teachers ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Documentary Photography ◽  
Teacher Researcher ◽  
Arab Students ◽  
Literacy Theory ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Do So

‘PhotoVoice’ is a participatory documentary photography tool that empowers youth with little money, power, or status by providing them with opportunities to voice their critique and act for enhancing their realities. Grounded in critical literacy theory, this research tool has the potential to raise students’ awareness to problematic issues in their surroundings and enable them to highlight such issues to the wider community. This article describes the journey I embarked upon as a teacher-researcher with my college students to apply such a tool in the Israeli-Arab classroom. After engaging a group of third year future English teachers in PhotoVoice projects, students’ PhotoVoices were collected and analysed to explore what issues students addressed and the ways they used to do so. A description of the topics that students chose to highlight and the language used for demanding change is followed by students’ as well as my reflections on the process.

Linguistic identities

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Language And Identity ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

Linguistic identities are double-edged swords because, while functioning in a positive and productive way to give people a sense of belonging, they do so by defining an “us” in opposition to a “them” that becomes all too easy to demonise. Studying the construction of identities is important precisely because it offers our best hope for helping to undo their negative impact, while at the same time providing deeper insight into the role languages play in our interpretation of who does or doesn’t belong to which particular group. Djité, in a recent article in this journal (2006), argues that, in our multilingual world, linguistic identities are not the monolithic entities which people often take them for, with the result that individuals get misinterpreted based on the way they speak, provoking prejudice and discrimination. This is also, contrary to what Djité suggests, one of the principal thrusts of Joseph’s book Language and Identity (2004). The present article summarises the relevant arguments made in this latter book and attempts to clarify points of agreement and disagreement with Djité.

Motivational Needs for Power and Spouse-Specific Assertiveness in Assaultive and Nonassaultive Men

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Dutton ◽  
Catherine E. Strachan
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Thematic Apperception Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Female Relationships ◽  
Need For Power ◽  
Thematic Apperception ◽  
Motivational Needs ◽  
Do So

Men who had assaulted their wives were compared to maritally conflicted (but nonassaultive) and satisfactorily married controls through the use of Thematic Apperception Test stories scored for the need for power. When the stimulus pictures showed ambiguous male-female relationships, the assaultive men generated higher need-for-power scores than the average of both control groups combined but did not differ from the maritally conflicted group on need for power. The assaultive men had lower spouse-specific assertiveness scores than either control group, however. A discriminant analysis based on need-for-power and assertiveness scores correctly classified the wife assaulters and maritally conflicted males 90% of the time. The resulting profile of assaultive men was of a group high in the need to exert power in relationships with women but lacking in the verbal resources to do so. It was hypothesized that this combination of a high need for power and a deficit in verbal ability to generate influence produces chronic frustration, which may increase the risk of violence when combined with other factors.

Who says there’s a problem? Preferences on the sending and receiving of prohibitive voice

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1049-1076
Author(s):  
Karen MacMillan ◽  
Charlice Hurst ◽  
Ken Kelley ◽  
Jane Howell ◽  
Youngsuhk Jung
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Good Relationship ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Higher Rank ◽  
Employee Characteristics ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Do So ◽  
Prohibitive Voice

Which employees are likely to warn leaders about threats to the workplace? When employees do speak up, will these messages gain the leader’s interest? In this article, we rely on theories of power to predict how employee characteristics (work prevention regulatory focus, closeness to the leader (leader-member exchange) and rank) influence whether employees send messages about threats (prohibitive voice). We also explore whether employee characteristics (closeness to the leader and rank) affect leaders’ attention to threat messages. In a two-wave field study with 55 leaders and 214 employees, we found that leaders were more likely to show interest in messages about threats from employees who they were not close to, but who had high rank. However, only employees with a strong work prevention regulatory focus and/or those of higher rank were likely to prioritize the sending of such messages. Although we also expected that employees who had a good relationship with the leader would send more information about threats, we found they were less likely to do so. This research suggests that there may be “opaque zones” in organizations, places where employees are unlikely to warn leaders about threats and where leaders will not pay attention even if they do.

STUDIES OF VARIATIONS OF GLUTAMIC-OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE IN SERUM IN INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-377
Author(s):  
A. J. Schneider ◽  
James W. Mosley
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Do So

Comparison of the incidence of abnormal variability in activity of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in the serum (S-GOT) in two groups of children who were household contacts of infectious hepatitis with the incidence in suitable control groups, demonstrated differences with a high degree of statistical significance. This difference was interpreted as evidence that a person with: a) a range of variation in S-GOT in excess of 22 Karmen units, b) exposure to a clinically recognized case of infectious hepatitis, and c) no other condition known to cause abnormality of S-GOT, may be considered to have infectious hepatitis himself, whether symptomatic or not. Immune globulin apparently prevented the abnormality in S-GOT expected in hepatitis contacts in one epidemic, but did not do so in another. Both in the presence and in the absence of jaundice, a significant percentage of patients with infectious hepatitis are characterized by persistent or recurring abnormalities in S-GOT for periods of at least several months. No correlation between magnitude and duration of abnormality in S-GOT and degree of clinical illness was observed. The ratio of icteric to non-icteric cases of infectious hepatitis was found to be a function of the age of the patient. The ratio was greater than one in the 10 to 14-year age group and less than one at other ages.

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