scholarly journals When do languages use the same word for different meanings? The Goldilocks Principle in colexification

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brochhagen ◽  
Gemma Boleda
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Lexical Ambiguity ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Optimal Degree ◽  
Spanish Word

Lexical ambiguity is pervasive in language, and often systematic. For instance, the Spanish word "dedo" refers to both a toe and a finger, and this TOE-FINGER ambiguity is found in over 100 languages. Previous work shows that systematic ambiguities involve related meanings. This is attributed to cognitive pressure towards simplicity in language, as it makes lexicons easier to learn and use. The present study examines the interplay between this pressure and the competing pressure for languages to support accurate information transfer. We hypothesize that ambiguity follows a Goldilocks principle that balances the two pressures: meanings are more likely to attach to the same word when they are related to an optimal degree ---neither too much, nor too little. We find support for this principle in data from over 1200 languages and 1400 meanings. Our results thus suggest that universal forces shape the lexicons of natural languages.

scholarly journals Sparse Signature Matrix Optimization for NOMA under Imperfect CSI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Lu ◽  
Hongwen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Iterative Decoding ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Minimum Mean Square Error ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Matrix Optimization ◽  
High Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Signature Matrix

Abstract Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can support the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) with its potential to support high spectral efficiency and massive connectivity. The low-density superposition modulation (LDSM) scheme is one of the NOMA schemes and uses the sparse signature matrix to reduce multiple access interferences (MAI). In order to improve the NOMA system performance in practice, this paper focuses on designing the sparse signature matrix with a large girth for LDSM under imperfect channel state information (CSI). Based on the orthogonal pilot and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimation, the LDSM optimized by bare-bone particle swarm optimization (BBPSO) algorithm has a larger girth and can gather more accurate information in the process of iterative decoding convergence. An extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis is designed for the LDSM-OFDM system as a theoretical analysis tool. The simulation results show that the optimized LDSM outperforms the reference LDSM system, bringing about a 0.5 dB performance gain.

scholarly journals People are Sensitive to Problems in Communication and Use Other-Initiated Repairs to Address Them

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Micklos ◽  
Bradley Walker ◽  
Nicolas Fay
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Geometric Shapes ◽  
Text Chat ◽  
Communication Task ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Shape Descriptions

Recent research indicates that interpersonal communication is noisy, and that people exhibit considerable insensitivity to problems in communication. Using a dyadic referential communication task, the goal of which is accurate information transfer, the present study examined the extent to which interlocutors are sensitive problems in communication and use other-initiated repairs (OIRs) to address them. Participants were randomly assigned to dyads (N = 88 participants, or 44 dyads) and attempted to communicate a series of recurring abstract geometric shapes to a partner across a text-chat interface. Participants alternated directing (describing shapes) and matching (interpreting shape descriptions) roles across seventy-two trials of the task. Replicating prior research, over repeated social interactions communication success improved and the shape descriptions became increasingly efficient (indexed by the number of words used to communicate each shape). In addition, confidence in having successfully communicated the different shapes increased over trials. Importantly, matchers were less confident on trials in which communication was unsuccessful, communication success was lower on trials that contained an OIR compared to those that did not contain an OIR, and OIR trials were associated with lower Director confidence. This pattern of results demonstrates that: 1) interlocutors exhibit (a degree of) sensitivity to problems in communication, 2) appropriately use OIRs to address problems in communication, and 3) OIRs signal problems in communication to their partner.

scholarly journals Proyeksi EXIT Chart untuk Memprioritaskan Data Komunikasi Manusia pada Jaringan Super Padat

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
KHOIRUN NI’AMAH ◽  
SOLICHAH LARASATI
Keyword(s):  
Packet Loss ◽  
Degree Distribution ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Packet Loss Rate ◽  
Mds Codes ◽  
Exit Chart ◽  
Optimal Degree

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji jaringan masa depan dengan melibatkan ribuan mesin. Teknik Coded Random Access (CRA) akan dijadikan bagian penting pada teknologi komunikasi seluler generasi ke-5 (5G) tahun 2020 yang diprediksi data komunikasi manusia bercampur dengan mesin. CRA pada penelitian ini dipandang sebagai skema multiple access terbaru yang memanfaatkan coding (repetition dan MDS codes), penelitian ini berdasarkan repetition codes untuk mendesain sub-optimal degree distribution pada grup manusia dan mesin. Kinerja sistem dievaluasi menggunakan parameter proyeksi Extrinstric Information Transfer (EXIT) chart, throughput, dan packet-loss rate (PLR). Sub-optimal degree distribusi untuk grup manusia 𝛬􀯁􁈺𝑥􁈻􀵌0,3𝑥􀬷􀵅0,70,4𝑥􀬸. Throughput grup manusia tanpa fading 𝑇􀯛 􀵌𝑥0􀬼,,7 7g5ru ppa kmeet/ssinlo t 𝛬d􀯆e􁈺n𝑥g􁈻a􀵌n 0fa,6d𝑥i􀬶ng􀵅 𝑇􀯛 􀵌0,736 paket/slot dan grup mesin tanpa fading 𝑇􀯠􀵌0,669 paket/slot dengan fading 𝑇􀯠 􀵌0,646 paket/slot. Kontribusi penelitian ini sangat signifikan karena data pada komunikasi manusia dapat diprioritaskan yand dilihat dari kinerja deteksi paket yang diterima tanpa error (throughput) pada grup manusia lebih tinggi dibanding mesin.Kata kunci: Repetition codes , EXIT Chart, Degree Distribusi, Manusia, Mesin. ABSTRACTThis research considers future super-dense networks. Coded Random Access (CRA) technique is ecxpected to be important in fifth generation (5G) celullar communication in 2020 predicted that human data communication are mixed with machines. CRA as a new multiple accesss sheme which exploiting coding (repetition and MDS codes), this research is based on repetition codes for design sub-optimal degree distribution for human and machines groups. The performance of prioritized are evaluated based on parameters, e.g., projection Extrinsic Information (EXIT) chart, throughput, and packet-loss rate (PLR). Sub optimal degree distribution human 𝛬􀯁􁈺𝑥􁈻􀵌0,3𝑥􀬷􀵅0,7, machines 𝛬􀯆􁈺𝑥􁈻􀵌0,6𝑥􀬶􀵅0,4𝑥􀬸. Throughput human without fading 𝑇􀯛􀵌0,775 packet/slot with fading 𝑇􀯛 􀵌0,736 p0a,6c4k6e tp/aslcokte at/nsdlo tm. aTchhei nceo nwtirtihbouutito nfa odfi ntgh is𝑇 􀯠res􀵌ea0r,6ch6 9i sp saicgkneifti/csalontt wbeitcha ufased inthge 𝑇d􀯠at􀵌a on human communication can be prioritized as seen from the performance of correctly received packets (throughput) in the human group is higger than machines.Keywords: Repetition Codes, EXIT Chart, Degree Distribution, Human, Machines.

scholarly journals Unified prebiotically plausible synthesis of pyrimidine and purine RNA ribonucleotides

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (6461) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Becker ◽  
Jonas Feldmann ◽  
Stefan Wiedemann ◽  
Hidenori Okamura ◽  
Christina Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Pyrimidine Nucleosides ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Origin Of Life

Theories about the origin of life require chemical pathways that allow formation of life’s key building blocks under prebiotically plausible conditions. Complex molecules like RNA must have originated from small molecules whose reactivity was guided by physico-chemical processes. RNA is constructed from purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, both of which are required for accurate information transfer, and thus Darwinian evolution. Separate pathways to purines and pyrimidines have been reported, but their concurrent syntheses remain a challenge. We report the synthesis of the pyrimidine nucleosides from small molecules and ribose, driven solely by wet-dry cycles. In the presence of phosphate-containing minerals, 5′-mono- and diphosphates also form selectively in one-pot reactions. The pathway is compatible with purine synthesis, allowing the concurrent formation of all Watson-Crick bases.

Determination of the Best Emulsion for the Microscopy of Crystals

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
David A. Grano ◽  
Kenneth H. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Frequency Space ◽  
Noise Ratio

The retrieval of high-resolution information from images of biological crystals depends, in part, on the use of the correct photographic emulsion. We have been investigating the information transfer properties of twelve emulsions with a view toward 1) characterizing the emulsions by a few, measurable quantities, and 2) identifying the “best” emulsion of those we have studied for use in any given experimental situation. Because our interests lie in the examination of crystalline specimens, we've chosen to evaluate an emulsion's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of spatial frequency and use this as our critereon for determining the best emulsion.The signal-to-noise ratio in frequency space depends on several factors. First, the signal depends on the speed of the emulsion and its modulation transfer function (MTF). By procedures outlined in, MTF's have been found for all the emulsions tested and can be fit by an analytic expression 1/(1+(S/S0)2). Figure 1 shows the experimental data and fitted curve for an emulsion with a better than average MTF. A single parameter, the spatial frequency at which the transfer falls to 50% (S0), characterizes this curve.

Ultimate resolution and information in electron microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
D. Van Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Information Rate ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Signal Power ◽  
Imaging Device

An (electron) microscope can be considered as a communication channel that transfers structural information between an object and an observer. In electron microscopy this information is carried by electrons. According to the theory of Shannon the maximal information rate (or capacity) of a communication channel is given by C = B log2 (1 + S/N) bits/sec., where B is the band width, and S and N the average signal power, respectively noise power at the output. We will now apply to study the information transfer in an electron microscope. For simplicity we will assume the object and the image to be onedimensional (the results can straightforwardly be generalized). An imaging device can be characterized by its transfer function, which describes the magnitude with which a spatial frequency g is transferred through the device, n is the noise. Usually, the resolution of the instrument ᑭ is defined from the cut-off 1/ᑭ beyond which no spadal information is transferred.

Stopping-power determination for compound by EELS

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 948-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Joy ◽  
Suichu Luo ◽  
John R. Dunlap ◽  
Dick Williams ◽  
Siqi Cao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Power Calculation ◽  
Coulomb Collisions ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

In Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, Biology and Medicine, it is very important to have accurate information about the stopping power of various media for electrons, that is the average energy loss per unit pathlength due to inelastic Coulomb collisions with atomic electrons of the specimen along their trajectories. Techniques such as photoemission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy have been used in the measurements of electron-solid interaction. In this paper we present a comprehensive technique which combines experimental and theoretical work to determine the electron stopping power for various materials by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS ). As an example, we measured stopping power for Si, C, and their compound SiC. The method, results and discussion are described briefly as below.The stopping power calculation is based on the modified Bethe formula at low energy:where Neff and Ieff are the effective values of the mean ionization potential, and the number of electrons participating in the process respectively. Neff and Ieff can be obtained from the sum rule relations as we discussed before3 using the energy loss function Im(−1/ε).

Applications of SEM/EDXA in cement clinker investigation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-871
Author(s):  
Arezki Tagnit-Hamou ◽  
Shondeep L. Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bulk Chemical ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Proven Method ◽  
Instantaneous Chemical

All the desired properties of cement primarily depend on the physicochemical characteristics of clinker from which the cement is produced. The mineralogical composition of the clinker forms the most important parameter influencing these properties.Optical microscopy provides reasonably accurate information pertaining to the thermal history of the clinker, while XRDA still remains the proven method of phase identification, and bulk chemical composition of the clinker can be readily obtained from XRFA. Nevertheless, all these microanalytical techniques are somewhat limited in their applications, and SEM/EDXA combination fills this gap uniquely by virtue of its high resolution imaging capability and possibility of instantaneous chemical analysis of individual phases.Inhomogeneities and impurities in the raw meal, influence of kiln conditions such as sintering and cooling rate being directly related to the microstructure can be effectively determined by SEM/EDXA. In addition, several physical characteristics of cement, such as rhcology, grindability and hydraulicity also depend on the clinker microstructure.

Investigating the Multimodal Nature of Human Communication

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Paulmann ◽  
Sarah Jessen ◽  
Sonja A. Kotz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Channel Condition ◽  
Prosodic Cues ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Related Potentials

The multimodal nature of human communication has been well established. Yet few empirical studies have systematically examined the widely held belief that this form of perception is facilitated in comparison to unimodal or bimodal perception. In the current experiment we first explored the processing of unimodally presented facial expressions. Furthermore, auditory (prosodic and/or lexical-semantic) information was presented together with the visual information to investigate the processing of bimodal (facial and prosodic cues) and multimodal (facial, lexic, and prosodic cues) human communication. Participants engaged in an identity identification task, while event-related potentials (ERPs) were being recorded to examine early processing mechanisms as reflected in the P200 and N300 component. While the former component has repeatedly been linked to physical property stimulus processing, the latter has been linked to more evaluative “meaning-related” processing. A direct relationship between P200 and N300 amplitude and the number of information channels present was found. The multimodal-channel condition elicited the smallest amplitude in the P200 and N300 components, followed by an increased amplitude in each component for the bimodal-channel condition. The largest amplitude was observed for the unimodal condition. These data suggest that multimodal information induces clear facilitation in comparison to unimodal or bimodal information. The advantage of multimodal perception as reflected in the P200 and N300 components may thus reflect one of the mechanisms allowing for fast and accurate information processing in human communication.

What Is Left Is Right

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Hugdahl ◽  
René Westerhausen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Functional Asymmetry ◽  
Planum Temporale ◽  
Evolution Of Speech

The present paper is based on a talk on hemispheric asymmetry given by Kenneth Hugdahl at the Xth European Congress of Psychology, Praha July 2007. Here, we propose that hemispheric asymmetry evolved because of a left hemisphere speech processing specialization. The evolution of speech and the need for air-based communication necessitated division of labor between the hemispheres in order to avoid having duplicate copies in both hemispheres that would increase processing redundancy. It is argued that the neuronal basis of this labor division is the structural asymmetry observed in the peri-Sylvian region in the posterior part of the temporal lobe, with a left larger than right planum temporale area. This is the only example where a structural, or anatomical, asymmetry matches a corresponding functional asymmetry. The increase in gray matter volume in the left planum temporale area corresponds to a functional asymmetry of speech processing, as indexed from both behavioral, dichotic listening, and functional neuroimaging studies. The functional anatomy of the corpus callosum also supports such a view, with regional specificity of information transfer between the hemispheres.

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