scholarly journals How Actions Change Liking: The Effect of an Action's Outcome on the Evaluation of the Action's Object

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Moran ◽  
Bar-Anan Lab ◽  
Yoav Bar-Anan
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Recursive Evaluation ◽  
Negative Outcome

People like positive objects (e.g., fun activities) and dislike negative objects (e.g., boring activities). However, objects usually do not appear in isolation; They are often objects of an action (the boring activities were removed from a class). Using a wide array of stimuli and procedures, 11 experiments (N = 5,574) found that evaluation of objects is biased by the outcome of an action performed on the objects. For example, when participants read that a gene increases the likelihood of possessing the trait kindness (an action with a positive outcome) they evaluated kindness more positively than after reading the gene inhibits the trait (an action with a negative outcome). Conversely, they disliked dishonesty more after reading about genes that increased dishonesty than after reading about genes that decreased dishonesty. The effect was incompatible with logical inference from the information provided. We found evidence that misattribution of the valence of the action’s outcome to the action’s object contributes to this effect. These findings extend knowledge about the factors that lead to evaluative change. Importantly, the results demonstrate a recursive evaluation process: the valence of the outcome of an action on the object determines the evaluation of the object, but the valence of the outcome is already based on a previous evaluation of the object itself.

The Outcome Effect and Professional Skepticism: A Replication and a Failed Attempt at Mitigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Brazel ◽  
Christine Gimbar ◽  
Eldar M. Maksymov ◽  
Tammie J. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Professional Skepticism ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Additional Testing ◽  
Failed Attempt ◽  
Negative Outcome

ABSTRACT In this research note, we replicate Brazel, Jackson, Schaefer, and Stewart's (2016) study of how auditors evaluate skeptical behavior. Like the original study, we find that evaluators reward audit staff who exercise appropriate levels of skepticism and identify a misstatement (positive outcome). However, when no misstatement is identified (negative outcome), evaluators penalize staff who exercise appropriate levels of skepticism. One factor causing this outcome effect may be that exercising skepticism typically causes budget overages due to additional testing. Hence, we examine whether formally attributing the budget overage to skeptical judgments and actions in the audit budget file reduces outcome effects. However, while replicating the initial effect across three separate studies, we have been unable to reduce this effect. Thus, it is clear that the outcome effect in this context is very robust. Data Availability: Contact the authors.

scholarly journals Least Likely Observations in Regression Models for Categorical Outcomes

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Freese
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Ordered Logistic Regression ◽  
Negative Outcome

This article presents a method and program for identifying poorly fitting observations for maximum-likelihood regression models for categorical dependent variables. After estimating a model, the program leastlikely will list the observations that have the lowest predicted probabilities of observing the value of the outcome category that was actually observed. For example, when run after estimating a binary logistic regression model, leastlikely will list the observations with a positive outcome that had the lowest predicted probabilities of a positive outcome and the observations with a negative outcome that had the lowest predicted probabilities of a negative outcome. These can be considered the observations in which the outcome is most surprising given the values of the independent variables and the parameter estimates and, like observations with large residuals in ordinary least squares regression, may warrant individual inspection. Use of the program is illustrated with examples using binary and ordered logistic regression.

scholarly journals Antiherding in Financial Decision Increases Valuation of Return on Investment: An Event-Related Potential Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuicui Wang ◽  
Jia Jin ◽  
João Paulo Vieito ◽  
Qingguo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Money Flow ◽  
Flow Information ◽  
Related Potentials

Using event-related potentials, this study investigated how financial herding or antiherding affected the valuation of subsequent outcomes. For each trial, subjects decided whether to buy the stock according to its net money flow information which could be used to reflect the strength of buying power or selling power of the stock. The return on investment (ROI) as feedback included the increase or decrease percentage after subjects’ responses. Results showed that, compared with herding, antiherding induced larger discrepancies of FRN and P300 amplitude between positive ROI and negative ROI, indicating that individuals under antiherding condition had stronger motivation and paid more attention in the evaluation process of ROI. Moreover, only for positive ROI, the amplitudes of FRN and P300 were modulated by two kinds of behaviors. We suggested that individuals making antiherd decisions were more confident with their own ability and choices, which reduced the positive outcome prediction error and gave more mental resources to evaluate positive outcome. However, negative outcomes evoked no different motivational meaning and negative emotion for individuals between herding and antiherding. The study may provide new insights into neurocognitive processes of herding and antiherding in financial market.

scholarly journals The effects of industry funding and positive outcomes in the interpretation of clinical trial results: a randomized trial among Dutch psychiatrists

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joeri K. Tijdink ◽  
Yvo M. Smulders ◽  
Lex M. Bouter ◽  
Christiaan H. Vinkers
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Industry Funding ◽  
Perceived Credibility ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Scientific Abstract ◽  
Negative Outcome

Abstract Background Most studies are inclined to report positive rather than negative or inconclusive results. It is currently unknown how clinicians appraise the results of a randomized clinical trial. For example, how does the study funding source influence the appraisal of an RCT, and do positive findings influence perceived credibility and clinical relevance? This study investigates whether psychiatrists’ appraisal of a scientific abstract is influenced by industry funding disclosures and a positive outcome. Methods Dutch psychiatrists were randomized to evaluate a scientific abstract describing a fictitious RCT for a novel antipsychotic drug. Four different abstracts were created reporting either absence or presence of industry funding disclosure as well as a positive or a negative outcome. Primary outcomes were the perceived credibility and clinical relevance of the study results (10-point Likert scale). Secondary outcomes were the assessment of methodological quality and interest in reading the full article. Results Three hundred ninety-five psychiatrists completed the survey (completion rate 45%). Industry funding disclosure was found not to influence perceived credibility (Mean Difference MD 0.12; 95% CI − 0.28 to 0.47, p?) nor interpretation of its clinical relevance (MD 0.14; 95% CI − 0.54 to 0.27, p?). A negative outcome was perceived as more credible than a positive outcome (MD 0.81 points; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.43 to 1.18, p?), but did not affect clinical relevance scores (MD -0.14; 95% CI − 0.54 to 0.27). Conclusions In this study, industry funding disclosure was not associated with the perceived credibility nor judgement of clinical relevance of a fictional RCT by psychiatrists. Positive study outcomes were found to be less credible compared to negative outcomes, but industry funding had no significant effects. Psychiatrists may underestimate the influence of funding sources on research results. The fact that physicians indicated negative outcomes to be more credible may point to more awareness of existing publication bias in the scientific literature.

Microaggressions and Ethnic Identity in the Career Development of Latina College Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Bonifacio ◽  
George V. Gushue ◽  
Brenda X. Mejia-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Career Counseling ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Latina College Students ◽  
Negative Outcome

Counseling psychologists have noted the importance of examining the intersection of sociocultural identity and vocational psychology. In our study, we considered this intersection in a sample of 202 Latina college and graduate students from a perspective informed by social cognitive career theory. We examined how ethnic identity and experiences of self-reported microagressions were related to career decision self-efficacy and outcome expectations, including relationships to both positive and negative outcome expectations in our model. Findings indicated that higher endorsement of ethnic identity was positively related to career decision self-efficacy and to negative outcome expectations, whereas higher endorsement of experiences of microaggressions was related to lower career-decision self-efficacy, greater negative outcome expectations, and lower positive outcome expectations. Career decision self-efficacy was associated with lower negative outcome expectations and higher positive outcome expectations. Indirect relationships and two alternative models were also explored. We discuss implications for future research and career counseling with Latinas.

scholarly journals Unintentional Reverse Transfer from L2 (English) to L1 (Spanish) in Tertiary Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-76
Author(s):  
Gloria Luque Agulló
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Reverse Transfer ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Transfer Strategies ◽  
L1 English ◽  
Negative Outcome

This study attempts to reveal whether there is unintentional reverse transfer L2→L1 (English-Spanish) in the oral L1 production of university learners in formal contexts. The languages used by learners influence each other, and this transfer may occur from the first to the second language (direct transfer), or from the second to the first (reverse transfer), the focus of this work. Thus, an exploratory study was implemented with two groups of participants with different L2 proficiency levels. They had to retell, using their L1, a soundless video. Their production was recorded, transcribed and examined. Consistent with other studies, results suggest unintentional reverse transfer occurs more frequently when there is a lower level of L2 competence, or, alternatively, its effects have a more evident negative outcome for these learners. Pedagogically speaking, being able to identify successful reverse transfer strategies with a positive outcome may have important implications for bilingual educational contexts.

scholarly journals Is there reporting and citation bias for completed phase III interventional brain tumor trials?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Appaji Rayi ◽  
Iyad Alnahhas ◽  
Pierre Giglio ◽  
Vinay Puduvalli
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Source Type ◽  
Citation Bias ◽  
Dissemination Of Results ◽  
Number Of Citations ◽  
Negative Outcome

AIMS: Reporting and citation bias based on positive versus negative outcome among completed phase III interventional brain tumor trials (IBTTs) have not been previously reported. Thus, we aimed to assess the evidence. METHODS: Clinicaltrials.gov was used to obtain all phase III IBTTs completed prior to December 31st 2016. Trials closed due to poor accrual or non-phase III were excluded. Data about the funding source, type of intervention, conducted at U.S or Non-U.S locations, patients enrolled, primary completion date, time to dissemination of results in months (either reported on Clinicaltrials.gov or published in a journal), citations per year (from web of science) and outcome (positive or neutral/negative) were abstracted. Median time to dissemination was estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and a log rank test for statistical significance. The number of citations per year for positive and negative/neutral studies was compared using a t-test. RESULTS: 67 studies were analyzed. The median time from primary completion to dissemination of results for trials with a positive outcome was 20 months (n = 20; 95% CI: 12-31) compared to 30 months for trials with a negative outcome (n=35; 95 % CI: 22 - 37) (p = 0.095). The average number of citations per year for trials with a positive outcome is 62.4 (n = 21; range 1.1 - 614.8) compared to 25.0 for trials with a negative outcome (n=35; range 0.14 - 158.8) (p = 0.213). There was no significant difference in time to dissemination based on the funding source, type of intervention or the location where the trial was conducted. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence of reporting or citation bias among completed phase III IBTTs. Nevertheless, positive phase III IBTTs were reported more promptly and cited more often compared to negative or neutral trials. These findings might need consideration for risk of bias assessment while conducting systematic reviews.

Development and Validation of the Negative Outcome Expectations Scale in Engineering (NOES-E)

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang-Shim Lee ◽  
Lisa Y. Flores ◽  
Rachel L. Navarro ◽  
Han Na Suh
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Transgender Students ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Negative Outcome

The Negative Outcome Expectations Scale in Engineering (NOES-E) is a 21-item measure that was developed to assess anticipated negative outcomes related to pursuing engineering. Using two samples of engineering students, exploratory ( n = 256) and confirmatory ( n = 1,187) factor analyses supported a four-factor model of the NOES-E. The four factors included cultural-related stressors, personal life and work balance, job characteristics, and social costs. The results suggested that the 21-item NOES-E demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .94) and construct validity by a positive correlation with a measure of engineering environmental barriers and negative correlations with measures of engineering academic satisfaction, self-efficacy, environmental supports, intended persistence, and positive outcome expectations. There was nonsignificant relation between NOES-E scores and future family consideration. Also, we found that women and transgender students reported higher negative outcome expectations in engineering than men. However, there were no significant group differences across race/ethnicity. Implications for practice, theory, and future vocational research in engineering are discussed.

scholarly journals Two-Hour Lactate Clearance Predicts Negative Outcome in Patients with Cardiorespiratory Insufficiency

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Scott ◽  
Vittorio Antonaglia ◽  
Giovanna Guiotto ◽  
Fiorella Paladino ◽  
Fernando Schiraldi
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Lactate Clearance ◽  
Arterial Lactate ◽  
General Medical Ward ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Negative Outcome

Objective. To evaluate 2-hour lactate clearance as a prognostic marker in acute cardiorespiratory insufficiency.Design. Prospective observational study.Setting. Emergency Department (ED) and 16-bed medical High Dependency Unit (HDU).Methods and Main Results. 95 consecutive admissions from the ED for acute cardiorespiratory insufficiency were prospectively enrolled. Arterial lactate concentration was assessed at ED arrival and 1, 2, 6, and 24 hours later. The predictive value of 2-hour lactate clearance was evaluated for negative outcomes defined as hospital mortality or need for endotracheal intubation versus positive outcomes defined as discharge or transfer to a general medical ward. Logistic regression and ROC curves found 2-hour lactate clearance>15% was a strong predictor of negative outcome (P<.0001) with a sensitivity of 86% (95%CI=67%–95%) and a specificity of 91% (95%CI=82%–96%), Positive predictive value was 80% (95%CI=61%–92%), and negative predictive value was 92% (95%CI=84%–98%).Conclusions. Systematic monitoring of lactate clearance at 2 hours can be used in to identify patients at high risk of negative outcome and perhaps to tailor more aggressive therapy. Equally important is that a 2-hour lactate clearance>15% is highly predictive of positive outcome and may reassure clinicians that the therapeutic approach is appropriate.

scholarly journals The Ability to Normalise Energy Metabolism in Advanced COVID-19 Disease Seems to Be One of the Key Factors Determining the Disease Progression—A Metabolomic NMR Study on Blood Plasma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4231
Author(s):  
Eva Baranovicova ◽  
Anna Bobcakova ◽  
Robert Vysehradsky ◽  
Zuzana Dankova ◽  
Erika Halasova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Nmr Study ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
Negative Outcome

Background: COVID-19 represents a severe inflammatory condition. Our work was designed to monitor the longitudinal dynamics of the metabolomic response of blood plasma and to reveal presumable discrimination in patients with positive and negative outcomes of COVID-19 respiratory symptoms. Methods: Blood plasma from patients, divided into subgroups with positive (survivors) and negative (worsening condition, non-survivors) outcomes, on Days 1, 3, and 7 after admission to hospital, was measured by NMR spectroscopy. Results: We observed changes in energy metabolism in both groups of COVID-19 patients; initial hyperglycaemia, indicating lowered glucose utilisation, was balanced with increased production of 3-hydroxybutyrate as an alternative energy source and accompanied by accelerated protein catabolism manifested by an increase in BCAA levels. These changes were normalised in patients with positive outcome by the seventh day, but still persisted one week after hospitalisation in patients with negative outcome. The initially decreased glutamine plasma level normalised faster in patients with positive outcome. Patients with negative outcome showed a more pronounced Phe/Tyr ratio, which is related to exacerbated and generalised inflammatory processes. Almost ideal discrimination from controls was proved. Conclusions: Distinct metabolomic responses to severe inflammation initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection may serve towards complementary personalised pharmacological and nutritional support to improve patient outcomes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document