Visual estimation of the force applied by another person

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.31234/osf.io/ekv5p ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yusuke Ujitoko ◽

Takahiro Kawabe

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Visual Estimation ◽

Visual Change ◽

Elastic Object ◽

Made In

As observers, we believe that we can visually estimate the force that another person applies to an object. However, it is unclear what kind of cues we use to do this. We have focused on two types of visual change that occur when a person pushes an elastic object from above with his or her finger: the first one relates to a finger/hand shaking, known as an ``induced tremor'' and the second one relates to object deformation due to the application of force. This study shows that human observers of videos combine these two visual cues to estimate the force being applied by another person in the videos. Overall, the apparent force was stronger when the shaking was larger and when the magnitude of the deformation was larger, although systematic individual differences existed. The estimation of force was likely made in separate cognitive functions from the estimation of object softness. Estimating the force that another person applies seems to be done by perceptually interpreting both the actions of others and their external outcomes.

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Impairment of cross-modality of vision and olfaction in Parkinson disease

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000005110 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 90 (11) ◽

pp. e977-e984 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Motoyasu Honma ◽

Yuri Masaoka ◽

Takeshi Kuroda ◽

Akinori Futamura ◽

Azusa Shiromaru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson Disease ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Visual Information ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Visual Effects ◽

Behavioral Experiments ◽

Odor Evaluation ◽

Patient Performance ◽

Normal Controls

ObjectiveTo determine whether Parkinson disease (PD) affects cross-modal function of vision and olfaction because it is known that PD impairs various cognitive functions, including olfaction.MethodsWe conducted behavioral experiments to identify the influence of PD on cross-modal function by contrasting patient performance with age-matched normal controls (NCs). We showed visual effects on the strength and preference of odor by manipulating semantic connections between picture/odorant pairs. In addition, we used brain imaging to identify the role of striatal presynaptic dopamine transporter (DaT) deficits.ResultsWe found that odor evaluation in participants with PD was unaffected by visual information, while NCs overestimated smell when sniffing odorless liquid while viewing pleasant/unpleasant visual cues. Furthermore, DaT deficit in striatum, for the posterior putamen in particular, correlated to few visual effects in participants with PD.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that PD impairs cross-modal function of vision/olfaction as a result of posterior putamen deficit. This cross-modal dysfunction may serve as the basis of a novel precursor assessment of PD.

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Locus of Control as a Personality and Situational Variable

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1968.27.1.135 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 135-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roy Mc Donald ◽

Vincent J. Tempone ◽

William L. Simmons

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Locus Of Control ◽

Experimental Manipulation ◽

Experimental Task ◽

Personality Variable ◽

Skilled Performance ◽

Situational Variable ◽

Main Effect ◽

The Relationship ◽

Made In

Previous studies of the personality variable, locus of control (LC), have focused on the relationship between LC and chance versus skilled performance. This study examined the interaction between LC and an experimental task which elicited in Ss differential levels of control as a subjectively felt state. The experimental task consisted in driving an automobile simulator in such a way that S felt he had maximum or little control over the number of errors he made in his driving performance on subsequent trials. S's performance on the simulator and his own evaluation of that performance were studied in relation to the amount of control experienced and individual differences in LC assessed by a forced-choice questionnaire. Although experimental manipulation of control had significant effects on performance, there was no significant interaction with this main effect and individual differences in LC.

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Integrative action in the fronto-parietal network: A cure for a scattered mind

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x07001240 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 161-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hamid Reza Naghavi ◽

Lars Nyberg

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Similar Pattern ◽

Large Body ◽

General Role ◽

And Control ◽

Lines Of Evidence

AbstractA large body of evidence supports the idea that a common fronto-parietal network is activated across a range of diverse cognitive functions. Jung & Haier's (J&H's) review demonstrates a very similar pattern of activity, which correlates with individual differences in intelligence. We propose that these converging lines of evidence are best interpreted as a general role of the fronto-parietal network in integration and control.

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Prediction of Neurocognitive Profiles in Youth From Resting State fMRI

10.1101/495267 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chandra Sripada ◽

Saige Rutherford ◽

Mike Angstadt ◽

Wesley K. Thompson ◽

Monica Luciana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Default Mode Network ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Resting State ◽

Higher Order ◽

Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽

Default Mode ◽

Task Control ◽

General Ability ◽

Connectivity Patterns

AbstractDifficulties with higher-order cognitive functions in youth are a potentially important vulnerability factor for the emergence of problematic behaviors and a range of psychopathologies. This study examined 2,013 9-10 year olds in the first data release from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development 21-site consortium study in order to identify resting state functional connectivity patterns that predict individual-differences in three domains of higher-order cognitive functions: General Ability, Speed/Flexibility, and Learning/Memory. We found that connectivity patterns involving task control networks and default mode network were prominently implicated in predicting individual differences across participants across all three domains. In addition, for General Ability scores specifically, we observed consistent cross-site generalizability, with statistically significant predictions in 14 out of 15 held-out sites. These findings demonstrate that resting state connectivity can be leveraged to produce generalizable markers of neurocognitive functioning. Additionally, they highlight the importance of task control-default mode network inter-connections as a major locus of individual differences in cognitive functioning in early adolescence.

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Individual Differences in Cognitive Functions

Handbook of Educational Psychology ◽

10.4324/9780203053874-15 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 192-248

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Functions

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Revealing the Role of Context, Experience and Individual Differences in the Assessment of Heroin Addicts’ Decision Making Abilities

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70538-3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

C.G.J. Newman ◽

I. Crome ◽

M. Frisher

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Substance Dependence ◽

Task Design ◽

Individual Response ◽

Individual Data ◽

Assessment And Treatment ◽

Insight Into ◽

Made In

The development of decision making paradigms has prompted a consideration that an underlying deficit may assist in explaining substance dependence. However, despite these advances, little progress has been made in accounting for large inter-subject variance within previous studies. This failure continues to undermine many of the previous attempts to explain individual difference.A study was undertaken to develop methods for analysing and describing individual response behaviours within a decision-making task. In addition, the effect of task manipulations such as feedback, penalties and practice were examined. Substitute medication maintained adults males were recruited for this study.Findings from this research offer new insight into a possible link between task design and the response behaviours exhibited. This study emphasised the importance of individual response behaviours, and the necessity to consider individual data as a route to understanding concepts drawn from between groups analysis. Significant issues are raised that might impact on other existing paradigms and implications are proposed in relation to the assessment and treatment of substance dependence.

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Individual Differences within and across Feedback Suppression Hearing Aids

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.3766/jaaa.19.10.3 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 748-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Todd Ricketts ◽

Earl Johnson ◽

Jeremy Federman

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Hearing Aids ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Measurement Methods ◽

Single Individual ◽

Considerable Variability ◽

Individual Subject ◽

Feedback Suppression ◽

Improved Methods ◽

Made In

Background: New and improved methods of feedback suppression are routinely introduced in hearing aids; however, comparisons of additional gain before feedback (AGBF) values across instruments are complicated by potential variability across subjects and measurement methods. Purpose: To examine the variability in AGBF values across individual listeners and an acoustic manikin. Research Design: A descriptive study of the reliability and variability of the AGBF measured within six commercially available feedback suppression (FS) algorithms using probe microphone techniques. Study Sample: Sixteen participants and an acoustic manikin. Results: The range of AGBF across the six FS algorithms was 0 to 15 dB, consistent with other recent studies. However, measures made in the participants ears and on the acoustic manikin within the same instrument suggest that across instrument comparisons of AGBF measured using acoustic manikin techniques may be misleading, especially when differences between hearing aids are small (i.e., less than 6 dB). Individual subject results also revealed considerable variability within the same FS algorithms. The range of AGBF values was as small as 7 dB and as large as 16 dB depending on the specific FS algorithm, suggesting that some models are much more robust than others. Conclusions: These results suggest caution when selecting FS algorithms clinically since different models can demonstrate similar AGBF when averaging across ears, but result in quite different AGBF values in a single individual ear.

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Patterns of Smoking: Measurement and Variability in Asymptomatic Smokers

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0650383 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 383-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

L. Adams ◽

C. Lee ◽

R. Rawbone ◽

A. Guz

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Short Duration ◽

Marked Individual ◽

Puff Volume ◽

Smoking Patterns ◽

Made In

1. Measurements of patterns of puffing (cigarette-holder pneumotachograph) and ventilation (plethysmography) were made in ten asymptomatic smokers during the smoking of a cigarette, on four separate occasions. 2. There were marked individual differences and these were consistent over 3–5 weeks. In itself, the pattern of smoking could be responsible for a threefold variation in smoke intake. 3. Puffing but not inhalation became less intense as a cigarette was smoked. 4. It was not possible to predict indices of absorption from smoking patterns. 5. Certain smoking patterns, e.g. small puff volume, low puff frequency, short duration of inhalation and expulsion of volume between puff and inhalation, may be less harmful than others and this may explain why some individuals remain healthy despite a lifetime of smoking.

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