scholarly journals Perceptual judgments for the softness of materials under indentation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Ujitoko ◽  
Takahiro Kawabe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Indentation Depth ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Elastic Materials ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Motion Features ◽  
The Brain

Humans can judge the softness of elastic materials through only visual cues. However, factors contributing to the judgement of visual softness are not yet fully understood. We conducted a psychophysical experiment to determine which factors and motion features contribute to the apparent softness of materials. Observers watched video clips in which materials were indented from the top surface to a certain depth, and reported the apparent softness of the materials. The depth and speed of indentation were systematically manipulated. As physical characteristics of materials, compliance was also controlled. It was found that higher indentation speeds resulted in larger softness rating scores and the variation with the indentation speed was successfully explained by the image motion speed. The indentation depth had a powerful effect on the softness rating scores whose variation with the indentation depth was consistently explained by motion features related to overall deformation. Higher material compliance resulted in higher rating scores while their effect was not straightforwardly explained by the motion features. We conclude that the brain makes visual judgments about the softness of materials under indentation on the basis of the motion speed and deformation magnitude while motion features related to material compliance require further study.

INTEGRATION OF COLOR AND MOTION FEATURES FOR VIDEO RETRIEVAL

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 313-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIANG-HUA CHEN ◽  
KUO-HAO CHIN ◽  
HONG-YUAN MARK LIAO
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Video Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Compact Representation ◽  
Key Frame ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Video Shot ◽  
Motion Features ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Video Matching

The usefulness of a video database depends on whether the video of interest can be easily located. In this paper, we propose a video retrieval algorithm based on the integration of several visual cues. In contrast to key-frame based representation of shot, our approach analyzes all frames within a shot to construct a compact representation of video shot. In the video matching step, by integrating the color and motion features, a similarity measure is defined to locate the occurrence of similar video clips in the database. Therefore, our approach is able to fully exploit the spatio-temporal information contained in video. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach is effective and outperforms some existing technique.

Supporting the Use of Rudimentary Vocalizations

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Zubow ◽  
Richard Hurtig
Keyword(s):  
Rett Syndrome ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
The Face

Children with Rett Syndrome (RS) are reported to use multiple modalities to communicate although their intentionality is often questioned (Bartolotta, Zipp, Simpkins, & Glazewski, 2011; Hetzroni & Rubin, 2006; Sigafoos et al., 2000; Sigafoos, Woodyatt, Tuckeer, Roberts-Pennell, & Pittendreigh, 2000). This paper will present results of a study analyzing the unconventional vocalizations of a child with RS. The primary research question addresses the ability of familiar and unfamiliar listeners to interpret unconventional vocalizations as “yes” or “no” responses. This paper will also address the acoustic analysis and perceptual judgments of these vocalizations. Pre-recorded isolated vocalizations of “yes” and “no” were presented to 5 listeners (mother, father, 1 unfamiliar, and 2 familiar clinicians) and the listeners were asked to rate the vocalizations as either “yes” or “no.” The ratings were compared to the original identification made by the child's mother during the face-to-face interaction from which the samples were drawn. Findings of this study suggest, in this case, the child's vocalizations were intentional and could be interpreted by familiar and unfamiliar listeners as either “yes” or “no” without contextual or visual cues. The results suggest that communication partners should be trained to attend to eye-gaze and vocalizations to ensure the child's intended choice is accurately understood.

scholarly journals Newborns’ sensitivity to speed changes as a building block for animacy perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Di Giorgio ◽  
Marco Lunghi ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Francesca Simion
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Visual Preference ◽  
Reverse Sequence ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe human visual system can discriminate between animate beings vs. inanimate objects on the basis of some kinematic cues, such as starting from rest and speed changes by self-propulsion. The ontogenetic origin of such capability is still under debate. Here we investigate for the first time whether newborns manifest an attentional bias toward objects that abruptly change their speed along a trajectory as contrasted with objects that move at a constant speed. To this end, we systematically manipulated the motion speed of two objects. An object that moves with a constant speed was contrasted with an object that suddenly increases (Experiment 1) or with one that suddenly decreases its speed (Experiment 2). When presented with a single speed change, newborns did not show any visual preference. However, newborns preferred an object that abruptly increases and then decreases its speed (Experiment 3), but they did not show any visual preference for the reverse sequence pattern (Experiment 4). Overall, results are discussed in line with the hypothesis of the existence of attentional biases in newborns that trigger their attention towards some visual cues of motion that characterized animate perception in adults.

scholarly journals Causal inference accounts for heading perception in the presence of object motion

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (18) ◽  
pp. 9060-9065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana Dokka ◽  
Hyeshin Park ◽  
Michael Jansen ◽  
Gregory C. DeAngelis ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Inference Problem ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
The Brain

The brain infers our spatial orientation and properties of the world from ambiguous and noisy sensory cues. Judging self-motion (heading) in the presence of independently moving objects poses a challenging inference problem because the image motion of an object could be attributed to movement of the object, self-motion, or some combination of the two. We test whether perception of heading and object motion follows predictions of a normative causal inference framework. In a dual-report task, subjects indicated whether an object appeared stationary or moving in the virtual world, while simultaneously judging their heading. Consistent with causal inference predictions, the proportion of object stationarity reports, as well as the accuracy and precision of heading judgments, depended on the speed of object motion. Critically, biases in perceived heading declined when the object was perceived to be moving in the world. Our findings suggest that the brain interprets object motion and self-motion using a causal inference framework.

Analysis of Indentation: Implications for Measuring Mechanical Properties With Atomic Force Microscopy

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 462-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Costa ◽  
F. C. P. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Indentation Depth ◽  
Constitutive Law ◽  
Elastic Materials ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Afm Indentation ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Afm Probe ◽  
Nonlinear Elastic ◽  
Indenter Geometry

Indentation using the atomic force microscope (AFM) has potential to measure detailed micromechanical properties of soft biological samples. However, interpretation of the results is complicated by the tapered shape of the AFM probe tip, and its small size relative to the depth of indentation. Finite element models (FEMs) were used to examine effects of indentation depth, tip geometry, and material nonlinearity and heterogeneity on the finite indentation response. Widely applied infinitesimal strain models agreed with FEM results for linear elastic materials, but yielded substantial errors in the estimated properties for nonlinear elastic materials. By accounting for the indenter geometry to compute an apparent elastic modulus as a function of indentation depth, nonlinearity and heterogeneity of material properties may be identified. Furthermore, combined finite indentation and biaxial stretch may reveal the specific functional form of the constitutive law—a requirement for quantitative estimates of material constants to be extracted from AFM indentation data.

scholarly journals WHAT'S IN A NAME?

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIANO DA FONTOURA COSTA
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
English Language ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Attraction Basins ◽  
Strange Loops ◽  
The Brain

Among the several findings deriving from the application of complex network formalism to the investigation of natural phenomena, the fact that linguistic constructions follow power laws presents special interest for its potential implications for psychology and brain science. By corresponding to one of the most essentially human manifestations, such language-related properties suggest that similar dynamics may also be inherent to the brain areas related to language and associative memory, and perhaps even consciousness. The present work reports a preliminary experimental investigation aimed at characterizing and modeling the flow of sequentially induced associations between words from the English language in terms of complex networks. The data is produced through a psychophysical experiment where a word is presented to the subject, who is requested to associate another word. Complex network and graph theory formalism and measurements are applied in order to characterize the experimental data. Several interesting results are identified, including the characterization of attraction basins, association asymmetries, context biasing, as well as a possible power-law underlying word associations, which could be explained by the appearance of strange loops along the hierarchical structure underlying word categories.

scholarly journals Newborns’ sensitivity to speed changes as a building block for animacy perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Di Giorgio ◽  
Marco Lunghi ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Francesca Simion
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Visual Preference ◽  
Reverse Sequence ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe human visual system can discriminate between animate beings vs. inanimate objects on the basis of some kinematic cues, such as starting from rest and speed changes by self-propulsion. The ontogenetic origin of such capability is still under debate. Here we investigate for the first time whether newborns manifest an attentional bias toward objects that abruptly change their speed along a trajectory as contrasted with objects that move at a constant speed. To this end, we systematically manipulated the motion speed of two objects. An object that moves with a constant speed was contrasted with an object that suddenly increases (Experiment 1) or with one that suddenly decreases its speed (Experiment 2). When presented with a single speed change, newborns did not show any visual preference. However, newborns preferred an object that abruptly increases and then decreases its speed (Experiment 3), but they did not show any visual preference for the reverse sequence pattern (Experiment 4). Overall, results are discussed in line with the hypothesis of the existence of attentional biases in newborns that trigger their attention towards some visual cues of motion that characterized animate perception in adults.

scholarly journals Visual number sense in untrained deep neural networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. eabd6127
Author(s):  
Gwangsu Kim ◽  
Jaeson Jang ◽  
Seungdae Baek ◽  
Min Song ◽  
Se-Bum Paik
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Ventral Visual Stream ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Visual Number

Number sense, the ability to estimate numerosity, is observed in naïve animals, but how this cognitive function emerges in the brain remains unclear. Here, using an artificial deep neural network that models the ventral visual stream of the brain, we show that number-selective neurons can arise spontaneously, even in the complete absence of learning. We also show that the responses of these neurons can induce the abstract number sense, the ability to discriminate numerosity independent of low-level visual cues. We found number tuning in a randomly initialized network originating from a combination of monotonically decreasing and increasing neuronal activities, which emerges spontaneously from the statistical properties of bottom-up projections. We confirmed that the responses of these number-selective neurons show the single- and multineuron characteristics observed in the brain and enable the network to perform number comparison tasks. These findings provide insight into the origin of innate cognitive functions.

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