scholarly journals Integrating social and cognitive aspects of belief dynamics: Towards a unifying framework

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Galesic ◽  
Henrik Olsson ◽  
Jonas Dalege ◽  
Tamara van der Does ◽  
Daniel L. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Belief Change ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Belief Dynamics ◽  
The Many

Belief change and spread have been studied in many disciplines-- from psychology, sociology, economics and philosophy, to computer science and statistical physics-- but we still do not have a firm grasp on why some beliefs change and spread easier than others. To fully capture the complex social-cognitive system that give rise to belief dynamics, we need to integrate the findings of these disciplines into a single framework. Communication between disciplines is limited, and there is a lack of theoretical comparisons and empirical tests of the many different models of belief dynamics. Here we first review insights about structural components and processes of belief dynamics studied in different disciplines, focusing particularly on previously neglected but important areas such as cognitive representations and strategies used to integrate information. We then outline a unifying framework that enables theoretical and empirical comparisons of different belief dynamic models. The framework is quantified using a statistical physics formalism, grounded in cognitive and social theory as well as empirical observations. We show how the framework can be used to integrate numerous previous models and develop a more comprehensive science of belief dynamics.

scholarly journals Integrating social and cognitive aspects of belief dynamics: towards a unifying framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (176) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Galesic ◽  
Henrik Olsson ◽  
Jonas Dalege ◽  
Tamara van der Does ◽  
Daniel L. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Belief Change ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Belief Dynamics

Belief change and spread have been studied in many disciplines—from psychology, sociology, economics and philosophy, to biology, computer science and statistical physics—but we still do not have a firm grasp on why some beliefs change more easily and spread faster than others. To fully capture the complex social-cognitive system that gives rise to belief dynamics, we first review insights about structural components and processes of belief dynamics studied within different disciplines. We then outline a unifying quantitative framework that enables theoretical and empirical comparisons of different belief dynamic models. This framework uses a statistical physics formalism, grounded in cognitive and social theory, as well as empirical observations. We show how this framework can be used to integrate extant knowledge and develop a more comprehensive understanding of belief dynamics.

Initial Impressions of Others

2012 ◽  
pp. 336-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Uleman ◽  
S. Adil Saribay
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Controlled Attention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Control ◽  
Initial Impressions

“Initial impressions” bring together personality and social psychology like no other field of study—“personality” because (1) impressions are about personalities, and (2) perceivers’ personalities affect these impressions; and “social” because (3) social cognitive processes of impression formation, and (4) sociocultural contexts have major effects on impressions. To make these points, we first review how people explicitly describe others: the terms we use, how these descriptions reveal our theories about others, the important roles of traits and types (including stereotypes) in these descriptions, and other prominent frameworks (e.g., narratives and social roles). Then we highlight recent research on the social cognitive processes underlying these descriptions: automatic and controlled attention, the many effects of primes (semantic and affective) and their dependence on contexts, the acquisition of valence, spontaneous inferences about others, and the interplay of automatic and control processes. Third, we examine how accurate initial impressions are, and what accuracy means, as well as deception and motivated biases and distortions. Fourth, we review recent research on effects of target features, perceiver features, and relations between targets and perceivers. Finally, we look at frameworks for understanding explanations, as distinct from descriptions: attribution theory, theory of mind, and simulation theory.

Bloch, Ernst Simon (1885–1977)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Geoghegan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Open System ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
New Material ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
The Many ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
Western Marxism ◽  
The Universe

Bloch was one of the most innovative Marxist philosophers of the twentieth century. His metaphysical and ontological concerns, combined with a self-conscious utopianism, distanced him from much mainstream Marxist thought. He was sympathetic to the classical philosophical search for fundamental categories, but distinguished earlier static, fixed and closed systems from his own open system, in which he characterized the universe as a changing and unfinished process. Furthermore, his distinctive materialism entailed the rejection of a radical separation of the human and the natural, unlike much twentieth-century Western Marxism. His validation of utopianism was grounded in a distinctive epistemology centred on the processes whereby ‘new’ material emerges in consciousness. The resulting social theory was sensitive to the many and varied ways in which the utopian impulse emerges, as, for example, in its analysis of the utopian dimension in religion.

From individual cognition to populational culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krist Vaesen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Population Dynamic ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Cumulative Culture ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Full Explanation ◽  
Individual Cognition ◽  
Future Work

AbstractIn my response to the commentaries from a collection of esteemed researchers, I reassess and eventually find largely intact my claim that human tool use evidences higher social and non-social cognitive ability. Nonetheless, I concede that my examination of individual-level cognitive traits does not offer a full explanation of cumulative culture yet. For that, one needs to incorporate them into population-dynamic models of cultural evolution. I briefly describe my current and future work on this.

scholarly journals Effects of a 20 year rain event: a quantitative microbial risk assessment of a case of contaminated bathing water in Copenhagen, Denmark

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Andersen ◽  
A. C. Erichsen ◽  
O. Mark ◽  
H.-J. Albrechtsen
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Extreme Rain ◽  
The Many

Quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRAs) often lack data on water quality leading to great uncertainty in the QMRA because of the many assumptions. The quantity of waste water contamination was estimated and included in a QMRA on an extreme rain event leading to combined sewer overflow (CSO) to bathing water where an ironman competition later took place. Two dynamic models, (1) a drainage model and (2) a 3D hydrodynamic model, estimated the dilution of waste water from source to recipient. The drainage model estimated that 2.6% of waste water was left in the system before CSO and the hydrodynamic model estimated that 4.8% of the recipient bathing water came from the CSO, so on average there was 0.13% of waste water in the bathing water during the ironman competition. The total estimated incidence rate from a conservative estimate of the pathogenic load of five reference pathogens was 42%, comparable to 55% in an epidemiological study of the case. The combination of applying dynamic models and exposure data led to an improved QMRA that included an estimate of the dilution factor. This approach has not been described previously.

Language, Goals and Situations

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (2-3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Forgas
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Core Problem ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

The question addressed in this review paper is how our goals and the surrounding social situation influence what we say and how we say it in social interaction. It is proposed that definitional and methodological difficulties in studying social situations constitute the core problem in this domain. Various approaches to conceptualising social situations in linguistics, psychology and sociology are outlined, and recent empirical research on cognitive representations of social episodes is summarised. Selected theories linking goals and situations to language use are reviewed, and empirical research on situational variations in language behaviour is considered. It is concluded that the use of predominantly ad hoc, intuitive classifications of social situations, and the dominance of the ethno graphic method in empirical research have limited progress in this field. A social cognitive paradigm, linking cognitive representations of situations to information processing models predicting the selection of linguistic alternatives is proposed as a suitable future model for research.

scholarly journals Structure-functional analyses of psychological readiness for specialists in physical culture and sport sphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Sokolovskaia
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Readiness Level ◽  
The Many ◽  
Functional Analyses

Among the many competences to determine the readiness level of specialist in the field of physical culture and sport sphere (FCS), the most important include those which constitute psychological readiness. We have developed and implemented a new structural-functional approach to the study and formation of psychological readiness. The practice of training specialists in the physical culture and sports sphere dictates the need to supplement the variety of competences reflected in Russia’s federal standards with superprofessional competences in order to achieve full psychological readiness of the specialist. We present a complex model of competences embedded in the structural components of psychological readiness – cognitive, motivational, operational, value-moral, reflexive. Structural and functional analysis of the model by the method of "competent judges" – employers allowed us to assess the functional significance of each competence in each of the components of readiness for the main specialties of the physical culture and sports sphere. The results of the study revealed a specific and differentiated influence of individual competences on the level of psychological readiness of graduates and specialists of different specialisations of a sports higher education institution.

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