scholarly journals The relationship between intelligence and creativity: On methodology for necessity and sufficiency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael John Ilagan ◽  
Welfredo Patungan
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Methodological Problem ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Classic Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Left Corner ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Positive Results

Plain English Abstract A classic theory in psychology is that intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity: unintelligent people are only uncreative; but intelligent people may be creative or uncreative. Many other theories in the social sciences invoke the same asymmetric necessary-but-not-sufficient relationship. Whereas the theory is simple enough to state, statistically confirming it—as scientists aim to do with their theories—is a complicated matter, as statistical methods conventional to psychologists are inappropriate for asymmetric relationships. For decades, this methodological problem left researchers stumped, and the present article sheds light on it. In particular, the present article does the following: argues that previous methods purported to statistically confirm the theorized relationship are lacking; proposes a novel model that elucidates the notions of necessity and sufficiency between a pair of variables; and demonstrates this model on a dataset from a published study of intelligence and creativity. Of the two creativity variables analyzed, the classic theory was confirmed for only one of them. It is important that social science researchers carefully think about methodology, as doing so guards against false-positive results in their respective fields.Scientific Abstract On the relationship between intelligence and creativity, a classic theory is that intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity. Graphically, this theory is represented by a triangular shape of bivariate scatter between the two. As conventional linear methods are known to be inappropriate, a long-standing problem has been how to substantiate this theory. One innovation purported to solve this problem is the use of Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA), a method that confirms the relationship on the basis of an empty upper left corner in the scatterplot. The present article elaborates a novel take on this methodological problem. What it takes to account for necessity and sufficiency is tackled, and it is argued that NCA is not an appropriate method. As an alternative, a probability model of creativity as a function of IQ was posited, in particular for double-bounded creativity variables. Using the model proposed, intelligence vs. creativity data from Jauk et al. (2013b) were reanalyzed. A formal hypothesis based on the theorized relationship was supported for one of the two creativity variables analyzed.

Romanian Young Adults' Attitudes Regarding Luxury Fashion Brands

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Andreea-Ionela Puiu
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Need For Uniqueness ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Mediator

The luxury fashion market has gained significant notoriety in the actual Romanian society, attracting the interest of consumers from heterogeneous societal structures. Despite the existing financial constraints, the monthly amount spent on clothes slightly increased in the last years in the Romanian space, with consumers becoming more interested in investing more money on luxury fashion brands. However, there is limited research conducted on the behavioural motives that underly attitudes regarding luxury fashion brands among young adults. The present article proposes to investigate the social mechanisms that underly young adults' attitudes toward luxury fashion brands. The applied statistical procedures revealed that the fashion innovativeness partially mediates the relationship among the need for uniqueness and consumers attitude regarding luxury fashion goods. Also, fashion innovativeness is not a significant mediator in the relationship between proneness to normative and informative influence and consumer attitude toward luxury fashion brands.

From paradise to brand

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-135
Author(s):  
Rainer Hülsse
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Social World ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Financial Centre ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Image ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Considerable Body

Metaphors construct social reality, including the actors which populate the social world. A considerable body of research has explored this reality-constituting role of metaphors, yet little attention has been paid to the attempts of social actors to influence the metaphorical structure by which they are constituted. The present article conceptualises the relationship between actor and metaphorical structure as one of mutual constitution. Empirically, it analyses how until the late 1990s Liechtenstein was constructed as an attractive financial centre by metaphors such as haven and paradise, how then a metaphorical shift constituted the country more negatively, before Liechtenstein finally fought back: with the help of the new brand-metaphor and also a professional image campaign the country tried to repair its international image.

scholarly journals Creativity: The Influence of Cultural, Social, and Work Contexts

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Erez ◽  
Rikki Nouri
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contextual Characteristic

The present article aims to answer the question of whether creativity is universal or culture-specific. We develop a conceptual framework that expands the existing knowledge in two ways. First, it distinguishes between the two dimensions of creativity – novelty and usefulness, and their relationship to culture. Second, it clarifies how the social context moderates the relationship between culture and creativity. We focus on the social context where cultural differences are likely to be more salient because of the presence of others, relative to the private work context where no one observes whether a person performs in a normative or a unique way. In addition, we propose that task structure, whether a task is tightly or loosely structured, is an important contextual characteristic that moderates the relationship between culture and creativity. Lastly, we offer several propositions to guide future research.

The social bases of development: Hungary and Romania in comparative perspective

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Negoita
Keyword(s):  
Developmental State ◽  
The State ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Bases ◽  
Development Context ◽  
Industrialization Process ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The present paper studies the relationship between state and development in the post-communist world. My strategy is to extend the applicability of the ‘developmental state’ concept to the post-communist context. Whereas the ‘developmental state’ model emphasizes the relationship between state bureaucrats and business groups, post-communist societies lacked a capitalist class at the beginning of transition. Using a concept developed by Mann (1989), I argue that capitalist development is associated with an increase in the infrastructural power of the state. This necessary condition is accompanied, in a late development context, by what I call ‘deliberative capacity’—the ability of the state managers to navigate between internal and external pressures in pursuing their goals. The comparative analysis of Hungary and Romania shows that, where capitalist classes are missing, a powerful technocratic class spurred by the industrialization process can transform the state if it is able to topple Stalinist bureaucrats from positions of power.

scholarly journals THE TASK OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND HOW TO PERFORM IT

2016 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Оле Хассельбальк ◽  
Ole Khasselbalk
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Standards ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Results

In the presented article there is the author’s opinion of how the legal science should function and what its subject is. Also the attitude is explained towards the proper methods and ways of legal scientific researching activity in the article. The author supposes these two items to be the most and vitally important for gaining the objectiveness and fruitful results of such kind of the mental activity. The author also thinks that during the recent times the imaginations, including the scientific ones, of the social aim of the legal science and law have been broken and have become false. It means that the influence of law on the society and on the relationship among the individuals is not proper now and law does not perfect them. It also means that, due to the above said, the results of the scientific research of law are not always objective nowadays and they do not reflect the reality. As an example the author demonstrates the outcome of the Scandinavian countries legal systems functioning. These results are positive thanks to the fact that the mentioned legal systems are aimed at the social prosperity and at providing the high standards of living, because the Scandinavian law are traditionally tightly connected with social targets of the northern European countries inhabitants. The author persists on his viewpoint that the success of law — making process completely depends upon the participation of the majority of the inhabitants in it. It might be realized through organizing and holding the referendums, talks between the authorities and the inhabitants, through the activity of the civil society institutions. Then the author formulates his recommendations of how to deal with scientific research in law, how to carry out it and how to work out the positive results of it through using them by both the beginners and by the experienced professionals. He tries to avoid the legal scholars’ false and mistaken methods of scientific research. Basing his recommendations on his own positive scientific legal research experience, the author of the article describes, explains and underlines the concrete positive and proper ways of researching, leading to the fundamental discovers in law.

scholarly journals Power and Influence: Assessing the Conceptual Relationship

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Zaaiman
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Final Answer ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conceptual Relationship ◽  
Power And Influence

Power and influence are fundamental concepts used in the social sciences. As closely-related concepts it is not easy to distinguish them clearly. There are diverse definitions for power and influence in academic literature. Different views are also held on the relationship between these concepts. The present article revisits these debates. The researcher explains the difficulties to define concepts in general and those of power and influence in particular. This is done by referring to academic attempts to clarify the meaning of the mentioned concepts and thereby their conceptual relationship. It is demonstrated that the debate is complicated and a final answer cannot be found that easily. However, this article explores the differences in meaning between the concepts from the literature. Based on these distinctions, the researcher identifies the concepts’ primary meanings as well as the areas where these meanings overlap. This article contributes by providing users of these concepts with conceptual markers that could help them use and integrate the concepts meaningfully.

Causation in the law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Legal Discourse ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
The Social ◽  
Empirical Issue ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Causal Language

Causal language is pervasive in the law, especially in those areas, such as contract law, tort law and criminal law, that deal with legal responsibility for the adverse consequences of voluntary and involuntary human interactions. Yet there are widely varying theories on the nature and role of causation in the law. At one extreme, the causal minimalists claim that causation plays little or no role in attributions of legal responsibility. At the opposite extreme, the causal maximalists claim that causation is the primary or sole determinant of legal responsibility. These divergent views are rooted in different conceptions of: (1) the nature or meaning of causation, (2) the relationship between causation and attributions of legal responsibility, and (3) the basic purposes of the relevant areas of law. Much of the disagreement and confusion stems from the ambiguous usages of causal language in the law, which follow the ambiguous usages of causal language in ordinary, non-legal discourse. In both areas, causal language is sometimes used in its primary sense to refer to the content and operation of the empirical laws of nature, but at other times it is used in a more restricted normative sense to signify that one of the contributing conditions has been identified as being more important than the other conditions, in relation to some particular purpose. The relevant purpose in the law is the attribution of legal responsibility for some consequence. Thus, in legal discourse, causal language is ambiguously employed to grapple not only with the empirical issue of causal contribution but also with the normative issue of legal responsibility. The failure to use language that clearly identifies and distinguishes these two issues has generated considerable disagreement and confusion over each issue and the nature of the relationship between them. Further disagreement and confusion have been generated by the difficulty of providing useful, comprehensive criteria for the resolution of each of these issues. The most widely used criterion for the empirical issue of causal contribution is the necessary-condition (conditio sine qua non) test. This test has been subjected to considerable criticism as being over-inclusive or under-inclusive or both, and as inviting or even requiring resort to normative policy issues to resolve what supposedly is a purely empirical issue. The deficiencies of the necessary-condition test, coupled with the difficulties encountered in trying to devise a useful alternative test that does not beg the question, have led many to conclude that there is no purely empirical concept of causation, and that there is thus no more than a minimal role for causation in the attribution of legal responsibility. This causal-minimalist position has been especially attractive to the legal economists and the critical legal scholars, since it undermines the traditional conception of the law as an instrument of interactive justice, whereby everyone is required to avoid causing injury to the persons and property of others through interactions that fail to respect properly those others’ equal dignity and autonomy. The traditional conception, with its focus on individual autonomy, rights and causation, is inconsistent with the social-welfare maximizing theories of the legal economists and the anti-liberal, deconstructionist programme of the critical legal scholars. The members of each causal-minimalist group therefore argue that the concept of causation should be: (a) jettisoned entirely and replaced by direct resort to the social policy goals which they believe do or should determine the ultimate incidence and extent of legal responsibility; (b) redefined as being reducible to those social policy goals; or (c) retained as useful rhetoric that can be manipulated to achieve or camouflage the pursuit of those social policy goals.

scholarly journals INOVAÇÃO SOCIAL E SUSTENTABILIDADE EM AGROINDÚSTRIAS FAMILIARES

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Tiago Zardin Patias ◽  
Bianca Bigolin Liszbinski ◽  
Clandia Maffini Gomes ◽  
Maria Margarete Baccin Brizolla ◽  
Daniel Knebel Baggio
Keyword(s):  
Social Innovation ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Results

The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between the social innovation and the sustainability in the family agro-industries allocated to the Local Productive Arrangement of Agroindústria Familiar e Diversidade do Médio Alto Utuguai e Rio da Várzea located in Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil. The method of this paper is quantitative based on data collected in a questionnaire applied to the owners of agro-industries. The relationship between the dimensions of social innovation and sustainability provides positive results in economic, social and environmental aspects, identifying priority for the economic bias of sustainability in the analyzed sample.

scholarly journals Parallelism Between the Main Paradigms for Forming a Scientific and Cognitive Strategy and a Scientific-World-Viewed Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-544
Author(s):  
I. Ashimov ◽  
Sh. Abdurakhmonov
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
System A ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

To trace the parallelism between the main paradigms of the formation of the scientific-cognitive strategy and scientific–world–viewed culture. The traditional model of cognition does not meet modern requirements, and therefore, within the framework of the Post-nonclassical Science Strategy, there is a need for a radical restructuring of the cognitive strategy and its transition to a completely different level of methodology. The triad system A, B, C is a more spectacular scientific-cognitive system, the feature of which is the effective replenishment of knowledge of different levels and values (triad A, B, C), as a necessary condition for increasing scientific–world–viewed culture level. Each of them (triad A, B, C) does not cease to be an element of the initial integrity of the cognitive process. The regularity of the relationship of the triad A, B, C are important prerequisites for the progressive, consistent formation and development of scientific–world–viewed culture. As a result of the introduction of the concept, the technology of cognitive activity is changing at the social and individual levels. Thanks to the Idea, the provisions of the state, public and individual policies regarding the triad A, B, C and, in general, the problem of the formation of scientific–world–viewed culture are changing to one degree or another.

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