scholarly journals A Computational Theory of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy from the “Bayesian Brain” Perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zina-Mary Manjaly ◽  
Sandra Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Recurrent Depression ◽  
Bayesian Brain ◽  
Core Concepts

Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) was developed to combine methods from cognitive behavioural therapy and meditative techniques, with the specific goal of preventing relapse in recurrent depression. While supported by empirical evidence from multiple clinical trials, the cognitive mechanisms behind the effectiveness of MBCT are not well understood in computational (information processing) or biological terms.This article introduces a testable theory about the computational mechanisms behind MBCT that is grounded in “Bayesian brain” concepts of perception from cognitive neuroscience, such as predictive coding. These concepts regard the brain as embodying a model of its environment (including the external world and the body) which predicts future sensory inputs and is updated by prediction errors, depending on how precise these error signals are.This article offers a concrete proposal how core concepts of MBCT – the being mode, decentring, and reactivity – could be understood in terms of perceptual and metacognitive processes that draw on specific computational mechanisms of the “Bayesian brain”. Importantly, the proposed theory can be tested experimentally, using a combination of behavioural paradigms, computational modelling, and neuroimaging. The novel theoretical perspective on MBCT described in this paper may offer opportunities for finessing the conceptual and practical aspects of MBCT.

Extending predictive processing to the body: Emotion as interoceptive inference

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil K. Seth ◽  
Hugo D. Critchley
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
The Body ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Bayesian Brain ◽  
New View

AbstractThe Bayesian brain hypothesis provides an attractive unifying framework for perception, cognition, and action. We argue that the framework can also usefully integrate interoception, the sense of the internal physiological condition of the body. Our model of “interoceptive predictive coding” entails a new view of emotion as interoceptive inference and may account for a range of psychiatric disorders of selfhood.

A Review of Auditory Prediction and Its Potential Role in Tinnitus Perception

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (06) ◽  
pp. 533-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithila Durai ◽  
Mary G. O’Keeffe ◽  
Grant D. Searchfield
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Auditory Scene Analysis ◽  
Auditory Memory ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Bayesian Brain ◽  
Auditory Scene ◽  
Minimum Age

AbstractThe precise mechanisms underlying tinnitus perception and distress are still not fully understood. A recent proposition is that auditory prediction errors and related memory representations may play a role in driving tinnitus perception. It is of interest to further explore this.To obtain a comprehensive narrative synthesis of current research in relation to auditory prediction and its potential role in tinnitus perception and severity.A narrative review methodological framework was followed.The key words Prediction Auditory, Memory Prediction Auditory, Tinnitus AND Memory, Tinnitus AND Prediction in Article Title, Abstract, and Keywords were extensively searched on four databases: PubMed, Scopus, SpringerLink, and PsychINFO. All study types were selected from 2000–2016 (end of 2016) and had the following exclusion criteria applied: minimum age of participants <18, nonhuman participants, and article not available in English. Reference lists of articles were reviewed to identify any further relevant studies. Articles were short listed based on title relevance.After reading the abstracts and with consensus made between coauthors, a total of 114 studies were selected for charting data.The hierarchical predictive coding model based on the Bayesian brain hypothesis, attentional modulation and top-down feedback serves as the fundamental framework in current literature for how auditory prediction may occur. Predictions are integral to speech and music processing, as well as in sequential processing and identification of auditory objects during auditory streaming. Although deviant responses are observable from middle latency time ranges, the mismatch negativity (MMN) waveform is the most commonly studied electrophysiological index of auditory irregularity detection. However, limitations may apply when interpreting findings because of the debatable origin of the MMN and its restricted ability to model real-life, more complex auditory phenomenon. Cortical oscillatory band activity may act as neurophysiological substrates for auditory prediction. Tinnitus has been modeled as an auditory object which may demonstrate incomplete processing during auditory scene analysis resulting in tinnitus salience and therefore difficulty in habituation. Within the electrophysiological domain, there is currently mixed evidence regarding oscillatory band changes in tinnitus.There are theoretical proposals for a relationship between prediction error and tinnitus but few published empirical studies.

scholarly journals Focus of attention modulates the heartbeat evoked potential

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederike H. Petzschner ◽  
Lilian A. Weber ◽  
Katharina V. Wellstein ◽  
Gina Paolini ◽  
Cao Tri Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Heartbeat Evoked Potential

AbstractTheoretical frameworks such as predictive coding suggest that the perception of the body and world – interoception and exteroception – involve intertwined processes of inference, learning, and prediction. In this framework, attention is thought to gate the influence of sensory information on perception. In contrast to exteroception, there is limited evidence for purely attentional effects on interoception. Here, we empirically tested if attentional focus modulates cortical processing of single heartbeats, using a newly-developed experimental paradigm to probe purely attentional differences between exteroceptive and interoceptive conditions in the heartbeat evoked potential (HEP). We found that the HEP is significantly higher during interoceptive compared to exteroceptive attention, in a time window of 520-580ms after the R-peak. Furthermore, this effect predicted self-report measures of autonomic system reactivity. This study thus provides direct evidence that the HEP is modulated by attention and supports recent interpretations of the HEP as a neural correlate of interoceptive prediction errors.

scholarly journals Interoception of breathing and its relationship with anxiety

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia K. Harrison ◽  
Laura Nanz ◽  
Stephanie Marino ◽  
Roger Lüchinger ◽  
Franciszek Hennel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
The Body ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Respiratory Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Bodily States

AbstractInteroception, the perception of bodily states, is thought to be inextricably linked to affective qualities such as anxiety. While interoception spans sensory to metacognitive processing, it is not clear whether anxiety is differentially related to these processing levels. Here we investigated this question in the domain of breathing, using computational modelling and high-field (7 Tesla) fMRI to assess brain activity relating to dynamic changes in respiratory resistance of varying predictability. Notably, the anterior insula was associated with both interoceptive prediction certainty and prediction errors, suggesting an important role in representing and updating models of the body. Individuals with low vs. moderate anxiety traits showed differential anterior insula activity for prediction certainty. Multimodal analyses of data from fMRI, computational assessments of metacognition, and questionnaires demonstrated that anxiety-interoception links span all levels, from perceptual sensitivity to metacognition, with the largest effects seen at higher levels of interoceptive processes.

Temporal Prediction Errors Affect Short-Term Memory Scanning Response Time

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 333-342
Author(s):  
Roberto Limongi ◽  
Angélica M. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Prediction

Abstract. The Sternberg short-term memory scanning task has been used to unveil cognitive operations involved in time perception. Participants produce time intervals during the task, and the researcher explores how task performance affects interval production – where time estimation error is the dependent variable of interest. The perspective of predictive behavior regards time estimation error as a temporal prediction error (PE), an independent variable that controls cognition, behavior, and learning. Based on this perspective, we investigated whether temporal PEs affect short-term memory scanning. Participants performed temporal predictions while they maintained information in memory. Model inference revealed that PEs affected memory scanning response time independently of the memory-set size effect. We discuss the results within the context of formal and mechanistic models of short-term memory scanning and predictive coding, a Bayes-based theory of brain function. We state the hypothesis that our finding could be associated with weak frontostriatal connections and weak striatal activity.

How to grow a self: development of the self in a Bayesian brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Wozniak
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
The Self ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Bayesian Brain ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Complex Forms

The last two decades have brought several attempts to explain the self as a part of the Bayesian brain, typically within the framework of predictive coding. However, none of these attempts have looked comprehensively at the developmental aspect of self-representation. The goal of this paper is to argue that looking at the developmental trajectory is crucial for understanding the structure of an adult self-representation. The paper argues that the emergence of the self should be understood as an instance of conceptual development, which in the context of a Bayesian brain can be understood as a process of acquisition of new internal models of hidden causes of sensory input. The paper proposes how such models might emerge and develop over the course of human life by looking at different stages of development of bodily and extra-bodily self-representations. It argues that the self arises gradually in a series of discrete steps: from first-person multisensory representations of one’s body to third-person multisensory body representation, and from basic forms of the extended and social selves to progressively more complex forms of abstract self-representation. It discusses how each of them might emerge based on domain-general learning mechanisms, while also taking into account the potential role of innate representations. Finally it suggests how the conceptual structure of self-representation might inform the debate about the structure of self-consciousness.

Differential Predictors of Response to Preventive Cognitive Therapy in Recurrent Depression: A 2-Year Prospective Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudi L.H. Bockting ◽  
Philip Spinhoven ◽  
Maarten W.J. Koeter ◽  
Luuk F. Wouters ◽  
Ieke Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Recurrent Depression ◽  
Predictors Of Response

EXPRESS: “Run to the hills”: Specific contributions of anticipated energy expenditure during active spatial learning

2022 ◽  
pp. 174702182210765
Author(s):  
Simon Lhuillier ◽  
Pascale Piolino ◽  
Serge Nicolas ◽  
Valérie Gyselinck
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Space Perception ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Locomotion Cost ◽  
Constructivist Approaches

Grounded views of cognition consider that space perception is shaped by the body and its potential for action. These views are substantiated by observations such as the distance-on-hill effect, described as the overestimation of visually perceived uphill distances. An interpretation of this phenomenon is that slanted distances are overestimated because of the integration of energy expenditure cues. The visual perceptual processes involved are however usually tackled through explicit estimation tasks in passive situations. The goal of this study was to consider instead more ecological active spatial processing. Using immersive virtual reality and an omnidirectional treadmill, we investigated the effect of anticipated implicit physical locomotion cost by comparing spatial learning for uphill and downhill routes, while maintaining actual physical cost and walking speed constant. In the first experiment, participants learnt city layouts by exploring uphill or downhill routes. They were then tested using a landmark positioning task on a map. In the second experiment, the same protocol was used with participants who wore loaded ankle weights. Results from the first experiment showed that walking uphill routes led to a global underestimation of distances compared to downhill routes. This inverted distance-of-hill effect was not observed in the second experiment, where an additional effort was applied. These results suggest that the underestimation of distances observed in experiment one emerged from recalibration processes whose function was to solve the transgression of proprioceptive predictions linked with uphill energy expenditure. Results are discussed in relation to constructivist approaches on spatial representations and predictive coding theories.

Priming the Body: Breath as a Foundation for Exploring Ethical Performance Practice

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
Leena Rouhiainen
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Body Awareness ◽  
Teaching Experiment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Psychotherapy ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Critical Skills ◽  
Theatre Pedagogy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Project

Abstract This article contemplates how the cultivation of breath through specific body awareness techniques might be understood to support a dialogical and ethical relatedness between collaborators constructing a performance through an open-ended process. The article introduces a teaching experiment based mainly upon exercises drawn from strands of body psychotherapy that took place within a larger experimental and cross-artistic workshop and performance project. This project aimed at enhancing the collaborative, creative, and critical skills of MA students in dance and theatre pedagogy of the Theatre Academy of the University of the Arts Helsinki. The article discusses the overall artistic project as well as the kind of bodywork the teaching experiment involved, and it makes a phenomenologically oriented reading of the written interview material gathered from the students. The specific theoretical perspective taken on the topic draws from two phenomenologically inspired thinkers, namely, Luce Irigaray’s and Timo Klemola’s views on the influence that cultivation of breathing can have on subjectivity. The article suggests that exploring and cultivating breathing through compassion can support the evolution of ethical collaboration in open-ended performance processes.

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