scholarly journals Science knowledge and trust in medicine affect individuals’ behavior in pandemic crises

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sailer ◽  
Matthias Stadler ◽  
Elouise Botes ◽  
Frank Fischer ◽  
Samuel Greiff
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Prophylactic Effect ◽  
Science Knowledge ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
General Trust ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Reasonable Behavior

In pandemic crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals’ behavior has a strong impact on epidemiological processes during critical stages of the outbreak. Engaging in reasonable behavior, such as social distancing, is critical to avoid further spreading an infectious disease or to slow down its spread. However, some individuals also or instead engage in unreasonable behavior, such as panic buying. We investigate why different behavior occurs and how different types of knowledge and trust in medicine can encourage individuals to engage in reasonable behavior and prevent them from engaging in unreasonable behavior. Based on a sample of N = 1,182 adult Americans stratified by age and gender, we conclude that science knowledge has a prophylactic effect: We show that science knowledge helps individuals convert information into knowledge about the coronavirus. This knowledge then helps individuals avoid unreasonable behavior. Individuals lacking coronavirus knowledge and science knowledge still act reasonably when they have a general trust in medicine. Both trust in medicine and knowledge are crucial factors for individuals to act reasonably and avoid unreasonable behavior. Individuals with low knowledge or trust tend to engage in unreasonable behavior. Facilitating science knowledge and reasonable trust in medicine through education and targeted public health messaging are likely to be of fundamental importance for bringing crises such as the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic under control.

scholarly journals Science knowledge and trust in medicine affect individuals’ behavior in pandemic crises

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sailer ◽  
Matthias Stadler ◽  
Elouise Botes ◽  
Frank Fischer ◽  
Samuel Greiff
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Science Knowledge ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
General Trust ◽  
Prevention Guidelines ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
Health Messaging

AbstractIn pandemic crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals’ behavior has a strong impact on epidemiological processes. Compliance with prevention guidelines, such as social distancing, is critical to avoid further spreading an infectious disease or to slow down its spread. However, some individuals also or instead engage in panic behavior, such as hoarding. We investigate how education prepares individuals to respond adequately by modelling the path from seeking information about COVID-19 to eventual behavior. Based on a sample of N = 1182 adult Americans, gathered at the pandemic’s onset (March 2020), we conclude that science knowledge helps individuals convert information into coronavirus knowledge. This knowledge then helps individuals avoid panic behavior. Individuals lacking coronavirus knowledge and science knowledge still comply with prevention guidelines when they have a general trust in medicine. Individuals lacking knowledge still follow prevention guidelines when they trust in medicine. Facilitating science knowledge and trust in science through education and targeted public health messaging are likely to be of fundamental importance for bringing crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic under control.

Classification and Treatment of Supramalleolar Deformities

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1023-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Knupp ◽  
Sjoerd A.S. Stufkens ◽  
Lilianna Bolliger ◽  
Alexej Barg ◽  
Beat Hintermann
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Operative Procedure ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Additional Surgery ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prospective Comparative Study ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Classification And Treatment

Background: Supramalleolar osteotomies are increasingly popular for addressing asymmetric arthritis of the ankle joint. Still, recommendations for the indication and the use of additional procedures remain arbitrary. We preoperatively grouped different types of asymmetric arthritis into several classes and assessed the usefulness of an algorithm based on these classifications for determining the choice of supramalleolar operative procedure and the risk factors for treatment failure. Methods: Ninety-two patients (94 ankles) were followed prospectively and assessed clinically and radiographically 43 months after a supramalleolar osteotomy for asymmetric arthritis of the ankle joint. Results: Significant improvement of the clinical scores was found. Postoperative reduction of radiological signs of arthritis was observed in mid-stage arthritis. Age and gender did not affect the outcome. Ten ankles failed to respond to the treatment and were converted to total ankle replacements or fused. Conclusions: Supramalleolar osteotomies can be effective for the treatment of early and midstage asymmetric arthritis of the ankle joint. However, certain subgroups have a tendency towards a worse outcome and may require additional surgery. Therefore preoperative distinction of different subgroups is helpful for determination of additional procedures. Level of Evidence: II, Prospective Comparative Study

scholarly journals Prevalence and Public Health Importance of Hydatidosis in Sheep Slaughtered by Unlicensed Ways

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadia Abd Al-Muhsin Al-Khayat
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

Hydatidosis is a zoonotic, helminthes parasitic disease that cause veterinary and human problems due to economic burden. Amis of the current study was to estimate the prevalence rate of hydatidosis infecting different organs of sheep slaughtered in street. In addition, investigate the relationship between age, gender and the infected rates in some Baghdad areas during a period from may to end of July 2018.A total of 188 sheep was examined for detection of Hydatid cyst in different organs using macroscopic and microscopic examination The overall prevalence rate of 47.9% was recorded. The results indicate non significant differences according to age and gender, the highest rate 57% was observed in sheep more than one year old compared with small ages 31.3%. The females showed the highest rate 59.3% while the male recorded 30.7%. The most affected organ was the liver 64.4% followed by the lung 25.6% and finally the spleen 10%. Conclusion of this study indicates the higher prevalence rate lead to the necessity for control programs against hydatidosis includ preventing of illegal slaughtering.

scholarly journals Estimation of Spectral Amplitude Measures in Healthy Aged Individuals

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Radish Kumar Balasubramanium ◽  
Dhanya Monnappa
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Spectral Amplitude ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Harmonic Structure ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Harmonic Measures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Voice

ABSTRACT Introduction The anatomical and physiological changes in the phonatory system due to aging have a major impact on voice. Widely researched parameters of voice like fundamental frequency and the perturbation measures have strong correlation with age. However, these measures depend on the location of the exact pitch pulses and it may yield unreliable results in case of a severely aperiodic voice. Also, harmonic measures of voice in healthy aging are scanty in the literature. Aim The present study focused on determining the changes in harmonic-related measures in healthy aging individuals using spectral amplitude measures. Materials and methods The participants were classified into three groups as young, middle-aged, and elderly adults based on their age. All the participants were required to sustain three different types of vowels. Voice samples were analyzed using CSL software to obtain the spectral amplitude measures. Results This showed that there was a decrease in spectral amplitude measures with aging. Discussion Thus, suggesting that the harmonic structure of voice is not affected in healthy aged individuals. Vowel type and gender also influences the harmonic-related measures in the healthy aging population. Conclusion The results of the present study could be used by the voice clinicians while assessing adults with voice disorders. It will also help the clinicians in delineating the age and gender differences in the vocal parameters. How to cite this article Monnappa D, Balasubramanium RK. Estimation of Spectral Amplitude Measures in Healthy Aged Individuals. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2015;5(2):42-47.

Postmodern consumption and alternative medications

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Rayner ◽  
Gary Easthope
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Niche Markets ◽  
Paradigm Case ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Alternative Medications

Alternative medicine consumption is examined as a paradigm case of postmodern consumption. Content analysis of advertisements and analysis of a survey of purchasers of such medicines demonstrate niche markets delineated by life style, an emphasis on symbolic value rather than use value and the use of such medicines as a means of self-assembly – all features predicted by theorists of postmodern society. However, purchasers are predominantly female, and age and gender distinguish different types of products purchased, purchase is not entirely symbolic and many purchases are made to be consumed by others, making it uncertain whether they are used for self-assembly. These results suggest modifications to theories of postmodern consumption are necessary.

scholarly journals Endo-parasites of public-health importance recovered from rodents in the Durban metropolitan area, South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Colleen E. Archer ◽  
Christopher C. Appleton ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa ◽  
Jennifer Lamb ◽  
M. Corrie Schoeman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Moniliformis Moniliformis

Background: Parasite infections of public health importance carried by Rattus spp. on the African continent (excluding toxoplasmosis) have not been adequately researched. The aim of this study was to investigate endoparasites of public health importance, particularly those associated with R. norvegicus, at different locations and seasons within the port-city, Durban.Methods: Four hundred rodents (379 R. norvegicus, 10 R. rattus and 11 Mastomys natalensis) were live-trapped at 60 sites in four locations, during wet and dry seasons in 2009. Rats were humanely euthanased, cardiac blood drawn (for blood smears and serology), ectoparasites removed and dissected. Each organ was separately processed to collect parasites. Binary logistic regression and four-way ANOVAs were used to test for the effects of location, season, rodent age and gender on parasite prevalence, richness and abundance.Results: Eight parasites of public health importance were detected: Gongylonema sp. (25.3%), Trypanosoma lewisi (22.8%), Hymenolepis diminuta (17.2%), Angiostrongylus cantonensis (15.3%), Toxoplasma gondii (11.2%), Moniliformis moniliformis (9.5%), Calodium hepaticum (2.6%) and H. nana (0.8%). Ascaris spp. (probably A. lumbricoides) ova, assumed to have been acquired from consuming infected human faeces were found in rat faeces (4.8%). Parasite species richness was positively associated with location, season and rodent age. Location, season, rat age and gender differentially affected prevalence and worm abundance of parasite species.Conclusions: These occurrence data of parasites of public health importance provide valuable information to local and provincial organisations and medical practitioners for diagnoses of possible zoonoses, and a reference point for further studies in metropolitan areas of Africa.

scholarly journals The Factors Predicting the Health-Related Quality of Life Among Persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Public Health Region 4, Thailand: A Mixed-Methods Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Atchanat Wangsom ◽  
Pranom Othaganont ◽  
Sigrid Ladores
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
And Gender

Background: Health-Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL) is an important consideration for persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This convergent parallel mixed-methods study aimed to examine the factors predicting HRQOL and to explore a comprehensive in-depth understanding of the factors associated with HRQOL in persons with COPD. Methods: For the quantitative arm, simple random sampling consisted of 240 persons with COPD in Public Health Region 4, Thailand and self-reported questionnaires were employed and analyzed by using SPSS version 22.0 software. For the qualitative arm, purposive sampling consisted of 30 participants that were interviewed and the transcripts analyzed using content analysis. Subsequently, a side-by-side joint display table was used to merge the data. Results: Social support was the strongest predictor of HRQOL, followed by nutritional status, pulmonary function, and functional performance with R2 = 0.801, p = 0.00. The participants perceived that social support can create encouragement, build convenience, and offer good recommendations. They also reported that the effects of COPD included poor nutritional status, deteriorating lung function, and activity limitations resulting in inadequate self-care in people living with COPD. Although age and gender were not found to be significant predictors of HRQOL, the participants perceived that differences in age and gender did not predict the prognosis of the disease. Conclusion: Four factors were seen to be significant predictors of HRQOL and potential explanations for the identification of the factors predicting HRQOL. Nurses and healthcare teams can modify the predicting factors and implement appropriate care leading to increased HRQOL in persons with COPD.

scholarly journals Identifying Text Message through Different Types of Translation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Alla Meyerovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Gender

Main idea, concept, message are practically terms denoting the same phenomenon. To give a definition to a text message is no less hard than to formulate the message. Still, stylistic text analysis presupposes detection of text elements that contribute to message formation and are marked from this point of view; the understanding of the message depends on many factors, including extra-linguistic variables: historical and cultural background as well as readers' personality characteristics such as the habit and ability to read, their educational and social status, age and gender. The more pronounced then is the necessity of adequate message formulation. The procedure of literary text translation into other verbal as well as in non-verbal languages helps clearly reveal the message. Several stages of the procedure were worked out in the study to train future teachers in reading and analyzing the text.

scholarly journals COVID-19 myth-busting: an experimental study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimée Rebecca Challenger ◽  
Petroc Sumner ◽  
Lewis Bott
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Partial Replication ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Answer Format

Abstract BackgroundCOVID-19 misinformation is a danger to public health. A range of formats are used by health campaigns to correct beliefs but data on their effectiveness is limited. We aimed to identify A) whether three commonly used myth-busting formats are effective for COVID-19 myths, immediately and after a delay, and B) which is the most effective.MethodsWe tested whether three common correction formats could reduce beliefs in COVID-19 myths: (i) question-answer, ii) fact-only, (ii) fact-myth. n = 2215 participants (n=1291 after attrition), UK representative of age and gender, were randomly assigned to one of the three formats. n = 11 myths were acquired from fact-checker websites and piloted to ensure believability. Participants rated myth belief at baseline, were shown correction images (the intervention), and then rated myth beliefs immediately post-intervention and after a delay of at least 6 days. A partial replication, n = 2084 UK representative, was also completed with immediate myth rating only. Analysis used mixed models with participants and myths as random effects.ResultsMyth agreement ratings were significantly lower than baseline for all correction formats, both immediately and after the delay; all β’s > 0.30, p’s < .001. Thus all formats were effective at lowering beliefs in COVID-19 misinformation.Correction formats only differed where baseline myth agreement was high, with question-answer and fact-myth more effective than fact-only immediately; β=0.040, p=.022 (replication set: β = 0.053, p = .0075) and β = -0.051, p = .0059 (replication set: β=-0.061, p < .001), respectively. After the delay however, question-answer was more effective than fact-myth, β = 0.040, p =. 031, and fact-only marginally so, β = .025, p = 0.10.ConclusionOur results imply that COVID-19 myths can be effectively corrected using materials and formats typical of health campaigns. Campaign designers can use our results to choose between correction formats. When myth belief was high, question-answer format, in which the reader is invited to consider whether a myth is true, had a more lasting effect than a traditional fact-myth format.

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