scholarly journals Sight vs. sound in the judgment of music performance: Evidence from Tsugaru shamisen competitions in Japan [Stage 1 Registered Report]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gakuto Chiba ◽  
Shinya Fujii ◽  
Patrick E. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Musical Tradition ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Stage 1

Which information dominates in evaluating performance in music? Both experts and laypeople consistently report believing that sound should be the most important domain when judging music competitions, but experimental studies comparing video-only vs. audio-only versions of performances have showed that in at least some cases visual information can play a stronger role. However, whether this phenomenon applies generally to music competitions or is restricted to specific repertoires or contexts is disputed. In this Registered Report, we focus on testing which type of information might be most impactful in a unique cultural setting and musical tradition that has historically excluded the use of and dependence on visual information. We use 27 performances of “Tsugaru Jongara Bushi” from 9 categories of national competitions in performing on the Tsugaru shamisen, a traditional Japanese musical instrument, to evaluate two hypotheses: 1) visuals are predicted to trump sound when variation in quality is low (e.g., choosing between 1st place vs. 2nd place), 2) sound is predicted to trump visuals when variation in quality is high (e.g., choosing between 1st/2nd place and those who did not place among the top finalists). Data from pilot experiments (n = 11 participants) suggest that participants are able to correctly select the actual non-placing competition participants based on short excerpts at levels above chance. In Stage 2, we will collect a full sample of 97 participants in order to achieve 95% power to detect effects of at least d = 0.4 using our within-subjects design. Our results leverage the characteristics of a unique non-Western musical tradition not previously empirically tested with such paradigms, and may have practical applications to evaluation criteria for performers, judges, and organizers of competitions, concerts, and auditions.

Diagnostics of metal samples using the results of experimental and theoretical study of positively charged microparticles formed upon sample destruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
D. A. Golentsov ◽  
A. G. Gulin ◽  
Vladimir A. Likhter ◽  
K. E. Ulybyshev
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Using Data

Destruction of bodies is accompanied by formation of both large and microscopic fragments. Numerous experiments on the rupture of different samples show that those fragments carry a positive electric charge. his phenomenon is of interest from the viewpoint of its potential application to contactless diagnostics of the early stage of destruction of the elements in various technical devices. However, the lack of understanding the nature of this phenomenon restricts the possibility of its practical applications. Experimental studies were carried out using an apparatus that allowed direct measurements of the total charge of the microparticles formed upon sample rupture and determination of their size and quantity. The results of rupture tests of duralumin and electrical steel showed that the size of microparticles is several tens of microns, the particle charge per particle is on the order of 10–14 C, and their amount can be estimated as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the sample at the point of discontinuity to the square of the microparticle size. A model of charge formation on the microparticles is developed proceeding from the experimental data and current concept of the electron gas in metals. The model makes it possible to determine the charge of the microparticle using data on the particle size and mechanical and electrical properties of the material. Model estimates of the total charge of particles show order-of-magnitude agreement with the experimental data.

A New View on Grasping

Motor Control ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen B.J. Smeets ◽  
Eli Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Object Size ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Minimum Jerk ◽  
Alternative Description ◽  
Position And Orientation ◽  
Shape And Size

Reaching out for an object is often described as consisting of two components that are based on different visual information. Information about the object's position and orientation guides the hand to the object, while information about the object's shape and size determines how the fingers move relative to the thumb to grasp it. We propose an alternative description, which consists of determining suitable positions on the object—on the basis of its shape, surface roughness, and so on—and then moving one's thumb and fingers more or less independently to these positions. We modeled this description using a minimum-jerk approach, whereby the finger and thumb approach their respective target positions approximately orthogonally to the surface. Our model predicts how experimental variables such as object size, movement speed, fragility, and required accuracy will influence the timing and size of the maximum aperture of the hand. An extensive review of experimental studies on grasping showed that the predicted influences correspond to human behavior.

scholarly journals Metal-Water mixtures for Propulsion and Energy-Conversion Applications: Recent Progress and Future Directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Metal Water

The metal-water system is attractive for propulsion and energy-conversion applications. Of all metals, aluminum is attractive due to its high energy density, relative safety, and low cost. Experimental studies provide new insight on the combustion and propulsive behaviors. The burning rate is found to be a strong function of both pressure and particle size. Furthermore, there is a wide scatter in the measured pressure exponents due to differences in particle size, pressure, pH, and equivalence ratio. A major problem with Al/H2O mixtures is incomplete combustion and poor impulses, thereby rendering Al/H2O mixtures unsuitable for practical applications. Efforts to improve the performance of Al/H2O mixtures have only met with moderate success. Although experiments have revealed these new trends, not much is offered in terms of the underlying physics and mechanisms. To explore the combustion mechanisms, theoretical models based on energy balance analysis have been developed. These models involve numerous assumptions and many complexities were either ignored or treated simplistically. The model also relies on empirical inputs, which makes it more a useful guide than a predictive tool. Future works must endeavor to conduct a more rigorous analysis of metal-water combustion. Empirical inputs should be avoided and complexities must be properly treated to capture the essential physics of the problem. The model should help us properly understand the experimental trends, offer realistic predictions for unexplored conditions, and suggest guidelines and solutions in order to realize the full potential of metal-water mixtures.

A review on recent advances and challenges of ionic wind produced by corona discharges with practical applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingguo Qu ◽  
Minjun Zeng ◽  
Dewei Zhang ◽  
Dakai Yang ◽  
Xiongwei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corona Discharge ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Wind Generation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Discharge Process ◽  
Ionic Wind ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gas Ionization

Abstract Ionic wind, an induced phenomenon during corona discharge, possessing the features of silent operation and no moving parts, has a wide range of applications. Ionic wind generation is accompanied by complex physical processes, involving gas ionization, ion recombination, flow, and various chemical reactions, as well as mutual couplings between some of them. Therefore, understanding the corona discharge process and ionic wind generation is crucial for researchers and engineers to better utilize this phenomenon in practical applications. In this review, the principles of corona discharge and its induced ionic wind are presented. Subsequently, ionic wind generators (IWGs) are discussed according to their applications, and the corresponding advances based on experimental studies and numerical simulations are also reviewed. Moreover, the challenges of transitioning the ionic wind technology from laboratory studies to practical applications are discussed. These challenges include the excessively high onset voltage of the corona, ozone emission, and influence of environmental conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these barriers and several effective approaches for mitigating them are provided. Finally, some future research prospects and the conclusions are presented.

An integrated fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy AD approach for outsourcing provider selection

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selçuk Perçin
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
Order Preference ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Unlike previous literature, this study offers a novel integrated fuzzy approach to the field of outsourcing decisions. The purpose of this paper is to use design ranges of evaluation criteria that satisfy the functional requirements (FRs) of decision makers to solve the outsourcing provider selection problem. Design/methodology/approach In this study, considering the expected significance of outsourcing evaluation criteria, and the FRs of decision makers expressed in linguistic terms, a robust multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool based on the integrated use of fuzzy Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis and weighted fuzzy axiomatic design methods is proposed for use in decision process. Findings The proposed method is applied to a Turkish chemical company. A sensitivity analysis is performed and the outcomes of the proposed integrated framework are compared with those of other MCDM methods such as fuzzy-based Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, fuzzy Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje and fuzzy Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis. This validates the usefulness and practicality of the proposed methodology. Practical implications The main contribution of this study is that it defines specific requirements that will assist company managers in eliminating alternatives that do not satisfy the needs and expectations of their company. Originality/value This paper compares the present study with other studies in the field of manufacturing. Additionally, it provides a well-documented case study, which makes the paper of value to researchers interested in the practical applications of MCDM methods.

scholarly journals Brand extension similarity can backfire when you look for something specific

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 850-868
Author(s):  
Radu Dimitriu ◽  
Luk Warlop ◽  
Bendik Meling Samuelsen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Brand Extension ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nature Study ◽  
Specific Attribute ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Purchase Likelihood ◽  
Brand Extension Evaluation ◽  
Extension Evaluation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show that high similarity between a parent brand and an extension category can have a detrimental effect on how a brand extension is perceived to perform on specific attributes. This happens because similarity influences the perceived positioning of a brand extension: lower similarity extensions can be perceived as “specialized” products, whereas high similarity extensions are perceived as “all-in-one” products not performing exceptionally well on any specific attribute. Design/methodology/approach The authors test the hypothesized effect through three experimental studies. The authors manipulate similarity both within subjects (Study 1a) and between subjects (Study 1b and Study 2). Further, the authors test the effect for specific attributes that are physical/concrete in nature (Study 1a and Study 1b) as well as attributes that are abstract/imagery-related in nature (Study 2). Findings High compared to low similarity improves perceptions of overall performance (i.e. performance across all attributes). But as expected, the authors also find that a high similarity brand extension is perceived to perform worse on the attribute on which a low similarity brand extension specializes, even when the parent brands of the extensions possess that attribute to the same extent. This perception of attribute performance carries on to influence brand extension purchase likelihood. Practical implications The degree of brand extension similarity has consequences for how brand extensions are perceived to be positioned in the marketplace. Although high similarity extensions receive positive evaluations, they might not be suitable when a company is trying to instil a perception of exceptional performance on a specific attribute. Originality/value The authors demonstrate a consequential exception to the marketing wisdom that brands should extend to similar categories. Although the degree of brand extension similarity has been repeatedly shown to have a positive effect on brand extension evaluation, the authors document a case when its effect is actually detrimental. This study’s focus on the dependent variable of perceived performance on specific attributes is novel in the brand extension literature.

Theoretical and experimental studies of a piezoelectric ring energy harvester

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 998-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
XF Zhang ◽  
HS Tzou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Resistive Load ◽  
Practical Applications

Based on the electromechanical coupling of piezoelectricity, a piezoelectric ring energy harvester is designed and tested in this study, such that the harvester can be used to power electric devices in the closed-circuit condition. Output energies across the external resistive load are evaluated when the ring energy harvester is subjected to harmonic excitations, and various design parameters are discussed to maximize the power output. In order to validate the theoretical energy harvesting results, laboratory experiments are conducted. Comparing experiment results with theoretical ones, the errors between them are under 10% for the output voltage. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that the ring energy harvester is workable in practical applications.

A Constraint on the Expressive Timing of a Melodic Gesture: Evidence from Performance and Aesthetic Judgment

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno H. Repp
Keyword(s):  
Music Performance ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Temporal Shape ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Timing Function ◽  
Artistic Freedom ◽  
The Aesthetic

Discussions of music performance often stress diversity and artistic freedom, yet there is general agreement that interpretation is not arbitrary and that there are standards that performances can be judged by. However, there have been few objective demonstrations of any extant constraints on music performance and judgment, particularly at the level of expressive microstructure. This study illustrates such a constraint in one specific case: the expressive timing of a melodic gesture that occurs repeatedly in Robert Schumann's famous piano piece, "Traumerei." Tone onset timing measurements in 28 recorded performances by famous pianists suggest that the most common " temporal shape" of this (nominally isochronous) musical gesture is parabolic and that individual variations can be described largely by varying a single degree of freedom of the parabolic timing function. The aesthetic validity of this apparent constraint on local performance timing was investigated in a perceptual experiment. Listeners judged a variety of timing patterns (original parabolic, shifted parabolic, and nonparabolic) imposed on the same melodic gesture, produced on an electronic piano under control of a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI). The original parabolic patterns received the highest ratings from musically trained listeners. (Musically untrained listeners were unable to give consistent judgments.) The results support the hypothesis that there are classes of optimal temporal shapes for melodic gestures in music performance and that musically acculturated listeners know and expect these shapes. Being classes of shapes, they represent flexible constraints within which artistic freedom and individual preference can manifest themselves.

scholarly journals Biological Specifics of Musical Performing Memory Essence for Musical Performance Efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Dymnikowa ◽  
Elena A. Ogorodnikova ◽  
Valentin I. Petrushin
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Musical Performance ◽  
Music Pedagogy ◽  
Target Level ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Effective Work

In classical music art discipline, the memory for musical performance (i.e., music performing memory MPM) at typological analysis level is the type of musical executive prospective memory. based on executive functions and biological conditions. Its structural components are semantic declarative, kinesthetic, and emotional memory. Musical performance concern the production of musical artwork by vocal or musical instrument forms. The efficiency of this process is conditioned by ergonomic, effective work on learning, and memorizing the music. It is regulated and organized from the level of ‘reading a vista’ the musical notes text until completed memorizing for target level of music performance. The article, from the health psychology mainstream, presents methodical, practical tips with recommendations resulting from the biological principles, regularities, and specifics of this process revealed in the empirical data of such areas as neuropsychology, psychophysiology, cognitive psychology, biological psychology, and music pedagogy, with additional independent empirical verification in counseling of musicians at professional music education level. 

scholarly journals Evaluating Information Quality of Revised Patient Education Information on Colonoscopy: It Is New But Is It Improved? (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Tyler Bernstein ◽  
James Kong ◽  
Vaelan Sriranjan ◽  
Sofia Reisdorf ◽  
Gayle Restall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Education ◽  
Bowel Preparation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Available Information

BACKGROUND Previous research indicates that patients and their families have many questions about colonoscopy that are not fully answered by existing resources. We developed revised forms on colonoscopy bowel preparation and on the procedure itself. OBJECTIVE As the goal of the revised materials is to have improved information relative to currently available information, we were interested in how revised information compared with what is currently available in terms of information quality and patient preference. METHODS Participants were asked to review one at a time the Revised and Current versions of Colonoscopy bowel preparation instructions (study 1) and About Colonoscopy (study 2). The order of administration of the Revised and Current versions was randomly counterbalanced to assess order effects. Respondents rated each form along the following dimensions: amount, clarity, trustworthiness, readability and understandability, how new or familiar the information was, and reassurance. Participants were asked which form they preferred and 4 questions about why they preferred it. Open-ended questions asked participants to describe likes and dislikes of the forms and suggestions for improvement. RESULTS The study 1 and study 2 samples were similar. Overall, in study 1, 62.4% preferred the Revised form, 28.1% preferred the Current form, and 6.7% were not sure. Overall, in study 2, 50.5% preferred the Revised form, 31.1% preferred the Current form, and 18.4% were not sure. Almost 75% of those in study 1 who received the Revised form first, preferred it, compared with less than half of those who received it first in study 2. In study 1, 75% of those without previous colonoscopy experience preferred the Revised form, compared with more than half of those who had previously undergone a colonoscopy. The study 1 logistic regression analysis demonstrated that participants were more likely to prefer the Revised form if they had viewed it first and had no previous experience with colonoscopy. In study 2, none of the variables assessed were associated with a preference for the Revised form. In comparing the 2 forms head-to-head, participants who preferred the Revised form in study 1 rated it as clearer compared with those who preferred the Current form. Finally, many participants who preferred the Revised form indicated in the open-ended questions that they liked it because it had more information than the Current form and that it had good visual information. CONCLUSIONS This study is one of the first to evaluate 2 different patient education resources in a head-to-head comparison using the same participants in a within-subjects design. This approach was useful in comparing revised educational information with current resources. Moving forward, this knowledge translation approach of a head-to-head comparison of 2 different information sources could be taken to develop and refine information sources on other health issues.

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