scholarly journals Sexuality Through the Lens of Secure Base Attachment Dynamics: Individual Differences in Sexploration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Faulkner Selterman ◽  
Amanda N. Gesselman ◽  
Amy Catherine Moors
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Secure Base ◽  
Secure Attachment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Relational Processes ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Sexual Outcomes ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Sexual Exploration

A key aspect of attachment functioning is the secure base, which empowers people to explore their environments, though some individuals do this more effectively than others. While most researchers have focused on adult attachment dynamics in terms of stress and threat (safe haven), we argue that concerted attention should also focus on relational processes in times of optimal functioning. In this paper, we introduce a new theoretical concept: secure base sexual exploration (or sexploration). We define this as the degree to which individuals are able to effectively explore multifaceted dimensions of sexuality (e.g., behaviors, identity) as a function of secure attachment dynamics. Put another way, we posit that interpersonal attachment security, which is a function of individual and dyadic factors, may meaningfully predict the degree to which individuals are comfortable with sexual exploration. In the first section of our paper, we outline core tenets of attachment theory, followed by an explanation of the secure base construct. We then explain how the secure base construct can be useful in conceptualizing individual differences in sexploration, followed by domain-specific sexual outcomes (e.g., behavior, identity) that may stem from sexploration. Embedded in this discussion is a new approach for researchers to examine these links.

The Islamization of English Literary Studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Md. Mahmudul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Islamic Perspective

In today’s world where the former colonized are reshaping their relation with the colonizer, the concept of decolonizing or indigenizing education is widely discussed in postcolonial studies. Decolonizing/indigenizing education counters the western systems of knowledge’s hegemony over those of non-western systems of thought and requires the development of a new approach to education that keeps in view the indigenous societies’ socio-cultural and religious values and traditions. The Islamization of Knowledge undertaking maintains a similar approach, but additionally requires an Islamic perspective on knowledge. Among all western disciplines, English literature is arguably the most culturally charged and carries western value-laden ideas. This reality points to the need to look at it from Islamic perspectives. Based on this theoretical concept, this study seeks to establish the urgency and feasibility of Islamizing English (British) literary studies.

Endurance vs. strength training: comparison of cardiac structures using normal predicted values

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2552-2557 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roy ◽  
M. Doyon ◽  
J. G. Dumesnil ◽  
J. Jobin ◽  
F. Landry
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Volume Overload ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Lv Volume ◽  
Predicted Values

There are still disagreements concerning the adaptation of cardiac structures in relation to different training stimuli. To eliminate some of the variance due to individual differences in body surface area, we utilized a new approach based on the calculation of the percentages of each individual's normal predicted values (%NPV). We studied 46 strength (S, bodybuilders) and 57 endurance (E, runners) athletes. Left ventricular (LV) mass was 143.8 +/- 21.9 %NPV (mean +/- SD) in E vs. 134.3 +/- 23.4 %NPV in S (P less than 0.05), and LV volume was 131.0 +/- 24.0 %NPV in E vs. 120.0 +/- 25.5 %NPV in S (P less than 0.05). Moreover, the LV wall thickness-to-radius ratio did not differ from normal values in either group. From these data we conclude that 1) cardiac modifications are greater in E than S, 2) the predominant stimulus is a volume overload type in both groups, and 3) concentric LV hypertrophy may not be as prevalent in S as previously suggested.

scholarly journals Individual concerns modulate Pavlovian-instrumental transfer for sexual outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoann Stussi ◽  
Vanessa Sennwald ◽  
eva pool ◽  
Sylvain Delplanque ◽  
Tobias Brosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Sexual Stimuli ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Sexual Outcomes ◽  
Sexual Concerns ◽  
Instrumental Action ◽  
Current Concerns ◽  
Insight Into

Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning are fundamental processes helping organisms learn about stimuli that predict rewards in the environment and actions that lead to their obtainment. The interplay between these two forms of learning notably exerts a strong impact on reward-seeking behaviors. However, mechanisms modulating this impact are not well elucidated. Here, we examined whether the influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental action for sexual rewards is determined by their relevance to the individual’s sexual concerns in humans. In two experiments, we manipulated the relevance of sexual outcomes in a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer paradigm by recruiting heterosexual and homosexual men and selecting sexual stimuli for each sexual orientation. Results showed that Pavlovian-instrumental transfer effects were enhanced in response to the cue that was associated with the most relevant sexual outcome to participants’ sexual orientation compared to the cue associated with the less relevant sexual outcome, thereby reflecting that inter-individual differences in sexual concerns modulated these effects. These findings suggest that motivational control of reward-related instrumental action triggered by Pavlovian stimuli in humans relies on inter-individual differences in current concerns and can extend beyond homeostatic needs such as hunger or thirst. This fosters further insight into the mechanisms underlying human reward-seeking behaviors.

Does Stress-Related Growth Really Matter for Adolescents’ Day-to-Day Adaptive Functioning?

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cade D. Mansfield ◽  
Lisa M. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Coping Behaviors ◽  
Daily Stress ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Adolescent Stress ◽  
Questionnaire Measure ◽  
Empirical Demonstration

Adolescent stress-related growth refers to enhancement in an adolescent’s cognitive-affective or social resources as a result of experiencing stressors. We tested whether adolescents reporting high levels of stress-related growth showed superior adaptation outcomes on a day-to-day basis. Participants ( n = 91; females = 46, age = 14) completed a questionnaire measure of stress-related growth and kept a diary of emotional and interpersonal functioning for 10 consecutive days. Individual differences in cognitive-affective stress-related growth moderated associations between daily stress levels and adaptive coping behaviors, whereas individual differences in social stress-related growth moderated associations between daily mother-child conflict and end-of-day negative affect. This study provides the first empirical demonstration of domain-specific forms of stress-related growth during adolescence.

AN OBJECT-BASED APPROACH TO MANAGING DOMAIN SPECIFIC THESAURI: SEMIAUTOMATIC THESAURUS CONSTRUCTION AND QUERY-BASED BROWSING

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 363-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAE HUN CHOI ◽  
JAE DONG YANG ◽  
DONG GILL LEE
Keyword(s):  
Object Oriented ◽  
Domain Expert ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Boolean Queries

In this paper, we propose a new approach for managing domain specific thesauri, where object-oriented paradigm is applied to thesaurus construction and query-based browsing. The approach provides an object-oriented mechanism to assist domain experts in constructing thesauri; it determines a considerable part of relationship degrees between terms by inheritance and supplies the domain expert with information available from other parts of the thesaurus being constructed or already constructed. In addition to that, it enables domain experts to incrementally construct the thesaurus, since the automatically determined relationship degrees can be refined whenever a more sophisticated thesaurus is needed. It may minimize domain experts' burden caused by the exhaustive specification of individual relationship. This approach also provides a query-based browsing facility, which enables users to find desired thesaurus terms without tedious browsing in the thesaurus. A browsing query can be formulated with terms rather ambiguous, yet capable of deriving the desired terms. This browsing query is useful especially when users want precise results. In other words, it is useful when they want to use only thesaurus terms carefully selected in reformulating Boolean queries. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we fully implemented an object-based thesaurus system, which supports the semiautomatic thesaurus construction and the query-based browsing facility.

Adult Attachment and Compassion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Mikulincer ◽  
Phillip R. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Safe Haven ◽  
Support Provision ◽  
Behavioral Systems ◽  
Caregiving System ◽  
Behavioral System ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Sense Of Security

According to attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973, 1982), the optimal functioning of the attachment behavioral system and the resulting sense of security in dealing with life’s challenges and difficulties facilitate the functioning of other behavioral systems, including the caregiving system that governs the activation of prosocial behavior and compassionate acts of helping needy others. In this chapter, we focus on what we have learned about the interplay of the attachment and caregiving systems and their effects on compassion and altruism. We begin by explaining the behavioral system construct in more detail and show how individual differences in a person’s attachment system affect the functioning of the caregiving system. We review examples from the literature on attachment, focusing on what attachment theorists call providing a “safe haven” for needy others. We then review studies that have shown how individual differences in attachment affect empathy, compassion, and support provision.

The Development of Self-Representations During the Transition to Early Adolescence: The Role of Gender, Puberty, and School Transition

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Schaffhuser ◽  
Mathias Allemand ◽  
Beate Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
School Transition ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Representation Level ◽  
Over Time

The present study investigated the development of global and domain-specific self-representations in the transition from late childhood to early adolescence and tested whether gender, puberty, and school transition help explain individual differences in change. The study was based on three measurement occasions over 2 years and included 248 adolescents (average age at T1 = 10.6 years). Findings indicated both stability and change over time. Individual differences in change were partially explained by gender and school transition. It revealed that girls experienced steeper decreasing trajectories and were more negatively affected by school transition in comparison with boys. Time-varying associations between puberty and self-representations were evident in terms of perceived pubertal timing. Findings suggest that both biological (pubertal timing) and contextual factors (school transition) play a role in explaining individual differences of self-representation level as well as their development in girls’ and boys’ transition to early adolescence.

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