Determining the effects of training duration on the behavioral expression of habitual control in humans: a multilaboratory investigation

It has been suggested that there are two distinct and parallel mechanisms for controlling instrumental behavior in mammals: goal-directed actions and habits. To gain an understanding of how these two systems interact to control behavior, it is essential to characterize the mechanisms by which the balance between these systems is influenced by experience. Studies in rodents have shown that the amount of training governs the relative expression of these two systems: Behavior is goal-directed following moderate training, but the more extensively an instrumental action is trained, the more it becomes habitual. It is less clear whether humans exhibit similar training effects on the expression of goal-directed and habitual behavior, as human studies have reported contradictory findings. To tackle these contradictory findings, we formed a consortium, where four laboratories undertook a preregistered experimental induction of habits by manipulating the amount of training. There was no statistical evidence for a main effect of the amount of training on the formation and expression of habits. However, exploratory analyses suggest a moderating effect of the affective component of stress on the impact of training over habit expression. Participants who were lower in affective stress appeared to be initially goal-directed, but became habitual with increased training, whereas participants who were high in affective stress were already habitual even after moderate training, thereby manifesting insensitivity to overtraining effects. Our findings highlight the importance of the role of moderating variables such as individual differences in stress and anxiety when studying the experimental induction of habits in humans.

I Know You Know I’m Signaling: Novel gestures are designed to guide observers’ inferences about communicative goals

For a gesture to be successful, observers must recognize its communicative purpose. Are communicators sensitive to this problem and do they try to ease their observer’s inferential burden? We propose that people shape their gestures to help observers easily infer that their movements are meant to communicate. Using computational models of recursive goal inference, we show that this hypothesis predicts that gestures ought to reveal that the movement is inconsistent with the space of non-communicative goals in the environment. In two gesture-design experiments, we find that people spontaneously shape communicative movements in response to the distribution of potential instrumental goals, ensuring that the movement can be easily differentiated from instrumental action. Our results show that people are sensitive to the inferential demands that observers face. As a result, people actively work to help ensure that the goal of their communicative movement is understood.

The Differential Effects of the Amount of Training on Sensitivity of Distinct Actions to Reward Devaluation

Shifting between goal-directed and habitual behaviors is essential for daily functioning. An inability to do so is associated with various clinical conditions, such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Here we developed a new behavioral model in mice allowing us to produce and examine the development of different behaviors under goal-directed or habitual control. By using overtraining of instrumental associations between two levers and two rewards, and later devaluating one of the rewards, we differentiate and explore the motivational control of behaviors within the task which consequentially promotes what seems like excessive irrational behavior. Using our model, we found that the ability of instrumental behavior, to adapt to a change in the value of a known reward, is a function of practice. Once an instrumental action was practiced extensively it becomes habitual and, thus, under S–R control and could not be amended, not even when resulting in a noxious outcome. However, direct consummatory or Pavlovian actions, such as licking or checking, responds immediately to the change in value. This imbalance could render an instrumental behavior excessive and unresponsive to changes in outcome while the direct change in consumption implies that the change was in fact registered. This could suggest a system that, when out of balance, can create excessive behaviors, not adapting to an acknowledged change.

Determining the effects of training duration on the behavioral expression of habitual control in humans: a multi-laboratory investigation

It has been suggested that there are two distinct and parallel mechanisms for controlling instrumental behavior in mammals: goal-directed actions and habits. To gain an understanding of how these two systems interact to control behavior, it is essential to characterize the mechanisms by which the balance between these systems is influenced by experience. Studies in rodents have shown that the amount of training governs the relative expression of these two systems: behavior is goal-directed following moderate training, but the more extensively an instrumental action is trained, the more it becomes habitual. It is less clear whether humans exhibit similar training effects on the expression of goal-directed and habitual behavior, as human studies have reported contradictory findings. To tackle these contradictory findings, we formed a consortium, where four laboratories undertook a pre-registered experimental induction of habits by manipulating the amount of training. There was no statistical evidence for a main effect of the amount of training on the formation and expression of habits. However, exploratory analyses suggest a moderating effect of the affective component of stress on the impact of training over habit expression. Participants who were lower in affective stress appeared to be initially goal-directed, but became habitual with increased training, whereas participants who were high in affective stress were already habitual even after moderate training, thereby manifesting insensitivity to overtraining effects. Our findings highlight the importance of the role of moderating variables such as individual differences in stress and anxiety when studying the experimental induction of habits in humans.

Analisis Analisis Strategi Coping Stres pada Ibu Single Parent Setelah Ditinggal Suami: Literatur Sistematik Review

The purpose of this literature is to determine the selection of stress coping strategies used by single parent mothers in dealing with problems after the abandonment of their husbands. The method used in writing this literature review is to search for literatures using databases such as http://garuda.ristekbrin.go.id/ and Google Scholar. The results of this literature review identified five articles that met the inclusion criteria. From the literature obtained, the majority use this type of qualitative research as many as 3 articles and 2 articles using quantitative research. Several studies have shown that the most effective and often used strategies for single parent mothers after their husband leave behind are problem focused coping and emotion focused coping.The conclusion of the study shows that the situations that cause stress to the three single parent mothers after the abandonment of their husbands are (a) the dual roles that are played after the husband leaves, namely meeting the psychological needs of the child, (b) work, (c) accusations from neighbors and (d) economic problems. The coping strategies used by single parents after their husband left their husbands are emotional focused coping (coping that focuses on emotions) and problem focused coping (coping that focuses on problems). Emotional focused coping that is used is avoiding problems, ignoring problems, blaming yourself and interpreting problems. Meanwhile, the problem focused coping used is exercised caution, instrumental action and negotiation.

Neural signatures of arbitration between Pavlovian and instrumental action selection

Pavlovian associations drive approach towards reward-predictive cues, and avoidance of punishment-predictive cues. These associations “misbehave” when they conflict with correct instrumental behavior. This raises the question of how Pavlovian and instrumental influences on behavior are arbitrated. We test a computational theory according to which Pavlovian influence will be stronger when inferred controllability of outcomes is low. Using a model-based analysis of a Go/NoGo task with human subjects, we show that theta-band oscillatory power in frontal cortex tracks inferred controllability, and that these inferences predict Pavlovian action biases. Functional MRI data revealed an inferior frontal gyrus correlate of action probability and a ventromedial prefrontal correlate of outcome valence, both of which were modulated by inferred controllability.

On the Multimodal Path to Language: The Relationship Between Rhythmic Movements and Deictic Gestures at the End of the First Year

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between rhythmic movements and deictic gestures at the end of the first year of life, and to focus on their unimodal or multimodal character. We hypothesize that multimodal rhythmic movement performed with an object in the hand can facilitate the transition to the first deictic gestures. Twenty-three children were observed at 9 and 12 months of age in a naturalistic play situation with their mother or father. Results showed that rhythmic movements with objects in the hand are a frequent behavior in children's repertoires. Rhythmic behaviors tend to decrease from 9 to 12 months, specifically when they are unimodal. Multimodal rhythmic behavior production at 9 months is positively related with proximal deictic gestures 3 months later. Multimodal rhythmic movements are not directly related to distal deictic gestures, but are indirectly related via proximal deictic gestures. These results highlight the relevance of multimodal behaviors in the transition to the use of early gestures, and can be considered as a transitional phenomenon between the instrumental action and early communicative gestures.

Sirojul Ummah: Music in Social Interaction

This article describes music’s role in social interactions carried out by female members of the Marawis group Sirojul Ummah. The Marawis music is the medium they use in their efforts to convey Islamic knowledge and understanding, both for this group itself and for the surrounding community. The research method used is qualitative, in which data are collected from observations, interviews, and literature review, while the technique in analyzing data is done through a contextual approach. Social interaction in this study is viewed from the associative and dissociative aspects in the form of actions that include rational instrumental action, value rational action, effective action, and traditional action. Music is present in each of these actions. Music is both a subject and an object in social interaction, both in-groups, and out-groups. The associative and dissociative aspects of in-groups can be seen from how musical ideas and performances are developed and honed through practice activities. This activity is carried out because good musical performance is supported by techniques and methods of singing, playing, and presenting musical articulation, ornamentation, and harmonization. At the same time, the associative and dissociative aspects of out-groups can be seen from their activities in filling out events in society. The interaction process is built-in pleasant and informal situations which are shaped by an interest in music and family relationships. Since childhood, they have known each other; thus, they understand the characteristics of each person. Maturity, the maturity of thinking, and acting tend to avoid emotional conflicts that may occur. In this context, music is not only a medium for interaction, but can be a motivation in building these interactions.

Nonverbal action interpretation guides novel word disambiguation in 12-month-olds

Whether young infants can exploit socio-pragmatic information to interpret new words is a matter of debate. Based on findings and theories from the action interpretation literature, we hypothesized that 12-month-olds should distinguish communicative object-directed actions expressing reference from instrumental object-directed actions indicative of one’s goals, and selectively use the former to identify referents of novel linguistic expressions. This hypothesis was tested across four eye-tracking experiments. Infants watched pairs of unfamiliar objects, one of which was first targeted by either a communicative action (e.g., pointing) or an instrumental action (e.g., grasping) and then labeled with a novel word. As predicted, infants fast-mapped the novel words onto the targeted objects after pointing (Experiments 1 and 4) but not after grasping (Experiment 2) unless the grasping action was preceded by an ostensive signal (Experiment 3). Moreover, whenever infants mapped a novel word onto the object indicated by a communicative action, they tended to map a different novel word onto the distractor object, displaying a mutual exclusivity effect. This reliance on nonverbal action interpretation in the disambiguation of novel words indicates that socio-pragmatic inferences about reference likely supplement associative and statistical learning mechanisms from the outset of word learning.

LIVING HADIS PADA TRADISI TAWASUL DAN TABARUK DI MAKAM SUNAN BONANG LASEM REMBANG

<p><em>Tawasul</em> dan <em>Tabaruk </em>merupakan tradisi yang sudah banyak dipraktekkan oleh masyarakat muslim pada saat berdoa di makam. Kedua tradisi ini juga sering disalahpahami sebagai praktek yang menjerumuskan kepada kemusyrikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap aspek living hadis pada tradisi <em>tawasul</em> dan <em>tabaruk</em> warga Desa Bonang di makam Sunan Bonang dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif induktif, dan menganalisisnya dengan teori tindakan sosial Max Weber. Penelitian ini menghasilkan beberapa temuan. Pertama, tradisi ini merupakan suatu living hadis. Kedua, berdasarkan tipe tindakan tradisional, para pelaku tradisi ingin terus menerus menghormati Sunan Bonang dengan cara melestarikan tradisi yang sudah dilakukan secara turun temurun. Ketiga, tindakan afektif, memperlihatkan bahwa para pelaku memiliki ikatan emosional dengan para tokoh agama dan waktu pelaksanaan (malam Jumat). Keempat, tindakan instrumental rasional, para pelaku secara sadar mampu melaksanakan tradisi tersebut, baik dari aspek sumber daya manusia maupun aspek finansial. Kelima, rasionalitas nilai, pelaku ingin meniru perilaku tokoh-tokoh agama dan membiasakan diri bersedekah sekaligus ingin menanamkan nilai solidaritas jamaah.</p><p> </p><p>[<strong><em>Tawasul</em> and <em>Tabaruk</em> Traditions in Sunan Bonang’s Tomb Lasem Rembang: A Study of Living Hadith</strong>.<strong> </strong><em>Tawasul</em> and <em>tabaruk</em> are traditions that have been widely practiced by Muslim communities when praying at the grave. These two traditions are also often misunderstood as practices that lead to idolatry. This study aims to reveal aspects of the living hadith in the tradition of <em>tawasul</em> and <em>tabaruk</em> of the people of Bonang Village in the Sunan Bonang tomb by using the inductive descriptive method, and by analyzing it through Max Weber's theory of social action. This study yielded several findings. First, this tradition is a living hadith. Second, based on the type of traditional action, traditional actors want to continue to respect Sunan Bonang by preserving traditions that have been carried out from generation to generation. Third, affective action shows that peoples have an emotional bond with religious leaders (<em>ulama</em>) and the time of implementation (Thursday night). Fourth, rational instrumental action, where the actors are consciously able to carry out the tradition, both from the human resource and financial aspects. Fifth, value rationality, the people want to imitate the behavior of religious figures and get used to giving alms at the same time wants to instill the value of solidarity among the <em>jama'a</em>.]</p>