scholarly journals The “Missing Rich” in Household Surveys: Causes and Correction Approaches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Lustig
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
External Information ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Item Nonresponse ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Correction Strategies

This paper presents a survey of causes and correction approaches to address the “missing rich” problem in household surveys. “Missing rich” here is a catch-all term for the issues that affect the upper tail of the distribution of income: undercoverage, sparseness, unit and item nonresponse, underreporting and top coding. Upper tail issues can result in serious biases and imprecision of survey- based inequality measures. A number of correction approaches have been proposed. A main distinction is between those that rely on within-survey methods and those that combine survey data with information from external sources such as tax records, National Accounts, rich lists or other external information. Within each category, the methods can correct by replacing top incomes or increasing their weight (reweighting). Correction methods can be nonparametric and parametric. This survey aims to help researchers choose appropriate correction strategies and design robustness tests. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals Extreme Inequality: Evidence from Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Assouad ◽  
Lucas Chancel ◽  
Marc Morgan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Middle East ◽  
National Income ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Distribution Of Income

This paper presents new findings about inequality dynamics in Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa from the World Inequality Database (WID.world). We combine tax data, household surveys, and national accounts in a systematic manner to produce estimates of the distribution of income, using concepts coherent with macroeconomic national accounts. We document an extreme level of inequality in these regions, with top 10 percent income shares above 50 percent of national income. These societies are characterized by a dual social structure, with an extremely rich group at the top, whose income levels are broadly comparable to their counterparts in high-income countries, and a much poorer mass of the population below top groups. We discuss the diversity of regional contexts and highlight two explanations for the levels observed: the historical legacy of social segregation and modern economic institutions and policies.

Anything Lorenz Curves Can Do, Top Shares Can Do: Assessing the TopBot Family of Inequality Measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermina Jasso
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Inequality Measure ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
And Shifts

Newly precise evidence of the trajectory of top incomes in the United States and around the world relies on shares and ratios, prompting new inquiry into their properties as inequality measures. Current evidence suggests a mathematical link between top shares and the Gini coefficient and empirical links extending as well to the Atkinson measure. The work reported in this article strengthens that evidence, making several contributions: First, it formalizes the shares and ratios, showing that as monotonic transformations of each other, they are different manifestations of a single inequality measure, here called TopBot. Second, it presents two standard forms of TopBot, which satisfy the principle of normalization. Third, it presents a new link between top shares and the Gini coefficient, showing that properties and results associated with the Lorenz curve pertain as well to top shares. Fourth, it investigates TopBot in mathematically specified probability distributions, showing that TopBot is monotonically related to classical measures such as the Gini, Atkinson, and Theil measures and the coefficient of variation. Thus, TopBot appears to be a genuine inequality measure. Moreover, TopBot is further distinguished by its ease of calculation and ease of interpretation, making it an appealing People’s measure of inequality. This work also provides new insights, for example, that, given nonlinearities in the (monotonic) relations among inequality measures, Spearman correlations are more appropriate than Pearson correlations and that weakening of correlations signals differences and shifts in distributional form, themselves signals of income dynamics.

Use of Internet-Based Household Travel Diary Survey Instrument

2002 ◽  
Vol 1804 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Adler ◽  
Leslie Rimmer ◽  
David Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Item Nonresponse ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Travel Diary ◽  
Split Sample ◽  
Household Travel

The results of an application of Internet survey methods to a household travel diary project are described. The project included a full field application of an Internet-based household travel diary instrument in a split sample design with conventional telephone or mail administration. The effects of this type of administration on survey response and on survey data are described. The work described demonstrates how Internet-based travel diary instruments can be used to complement other, more traditional survey approaches. The Internet household travel diary instrument used included several features that take advantage of the computational power provided by modern servers and the graphical user interface provided by web browsers. Among these, the most important are detailed internal consistency checks that test the continuity and completeness of the activity and trip logs and interactive geocoding of trip ends. The response rates in the split sample conducted for the Las Cruces application indicate that providing an Internet option had a small positive effect. However, there are more pronounced effects on reported trip making—more trips reported in the Internet instrument—and on item nonresponse—lower rates with the Internet instrument. Overall, respondents who used the Internet instrument found it easy to use and appreciated having the option to complete the questionnaire at their convenience. There are clear areas for further research, but it is equally clear that Internet-based household diary surveys can provide an important, cost-effective complement to computer-assisted telephone interview and mail methods.

scholarly journals Informing Protected Area Decision Making through Academic-Practitioner Collaborations

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Grant Murray ◽  
Carleigh Randall ◽  
Rick Rollins
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
External Information ◽  
Knowledge Mobilization ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
External Sources ◽  
On Line ◽  
Line Survey ◽  
Provincial Park

This study examined knowledge mobilization and collaboration practices of practitioners in a Canadian provincial park agency, BC Parks. Data was collected through four focus groups, an on line survey (N = 125), and a follow up workshop. Results showed that the most important information sources used by the agency were “internal” (e.g., policy and management guidelines), while “external sources” such as academic researchers or journals were rated lower. However, those who collaborated with outside groups, including academics, and those working in a science capacity within the agency, rated external information sources more positively. Barriers and enabling conditions for effective knowledge mobilization were identified.

scholarly journals INTERNAL R&D AND EXTERNAL INFORMATION IN KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE BUSINESS SERVICE INNOVATION: COMPLEMENTS, SUBSTITUTES OR INDEPENDENT?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 2255-2276 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Doloreux ◽  
Richard Shearmur ◽  
Mercedes Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
External Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Knowledge Intensive Business Services ◽  
Related Information ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Knowledge Intensive Business Service

This paper analyses the effect of internal R&D and of external sources of information on the innovation performance of Knowledge intensive business services (KIBS). The analysis is based on an establishment-level survey covering the period of 2011–2014 in Canada (Quebec). In order to determine the influence of different external information sources on innovation and the extent to which internal R&D and the use of external information sources are related to innovation, a series of logistic regressions are performed on four different measures of innovation. The results show that KIBS innovation is positively connected to market-related information sources (but not to research and academic sources), that KIBS innovation is positively associated with the performance of R&D, and that there are no synergies associated with the combined performance of R&D and external information gathering: their effects are independent and additive. These results share some similarities, but also some important differences, with those that have been obtained from the study of R&D and external information sourcing in manufacturing establishments.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Innovative Tools and Methods to Improve Household Surveys in Complex Urban Settings: Multiple Methods Analysis of the Surveys for Urban Equity (SUE) Study in Kathmandu, Dhaka and Hanoi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Thomson ◽  
Radheshyam Bhattarai ◽  
Sudeepa Khanal ◽  
Shraddha Manandhar ◽  
Rajeev Dhungel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Field Staff ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Staff Experiences

Background: The methods used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) household surveys have not changed in four decades; however, LMIC societies have changed substantially. This mismatch may result in unintentional exclusion of vulnerable and mobile urban populations. We compare three survey method innovations with standard survey methods in Kathmandu, Dhaka, and Hanoi, and summarize feasibility of our innovative methods in terms of time, cost, skill requirements, and experiences. Methods: We used descriptive statistics and regression techniques to compare respondent characteristics in samples drawn with innovative versus standard survey designs and household definitions, adjusting for sample probability weights and clustering. Feasibility of innovative methods was evaluated using a thematic framework analysis of focus group discussions with survey field staff, and via survey planner budgets. Results: We found that a common household definition excluded single adult (46.9%) and migrant headed households (6.7%), as well as non-married (8.5%), unemployed (10.5%), disabled (9.3%), and studying (14.3%) adults. Further, standard two-stage sampling resulted in fewer single adult and non-family households than an innovative one-stage design; however, two-stage sampling resulted in more tent and shack dwellers. Our survey innovations provided good value for money and field staff experiences were neutral or positive. Staff recommended streamlining field tools and pairing technical and survey content experts during fieldwork. Conclusions: This evidence of unintentional exclusion of vulnerable and mobile urban populations in LMIC household surveys is deeply concerning, and underscores the need to modernize survey methods and practices.

scholarly journals Inequality as Entitlements over Labor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Segal
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Normative Basis

The modern study of economic inequality is based on the distribution of entitlements over goods and services. But social commentators at least since Rousseau have been concerned with a different aspect of economic inequality: that it implies that one person is entitled to command another person for their own personal ends. I call this inequality as entitlements over labor. I propose to measure entitlements over labor by calculating the extent to which top income groups can afford to buy the labor of others for the purpose of their personal consumption. Unlike standard inequality measures, this measure is not welfarist, but instead has its normative basis in relations of domination, hierarchy and social status between people. I estimate entitlements over labor in three high-inequality and two low-inequality countries and argue that inequality as entitlements over labor is socially and politically salient, capturing a side of inequality neglected by standard measures. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals Fuentes externas de conocimiento y su efecto sobre el esfuerzo innovador en los sectores industriales y de servicios en España

2008 ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Gloria Sánchez González ◽  
Liliana Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
New Products ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
External Information ◽  
Activity Intensity ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Present Complex ◽  
External Agents ◽  
External Sources

Hoy en día, no son los fabricantes los únicos encargados del desarrollo de nuevos productos, procesos o servicios, sino que se hace necesario reconocer la importancia que tienen otros agentes externos a la empresa como fuente de actividades innovadoras. La complejidad y dinamismo de los entornos actuales obliga a las empresas a complementar su base interna de conocimientos con otros procedentes del exterior. Estas circunstancias han llevado a distinguir entre fuentes internas y externas de innovación. Puesto que las primeras han sido suficientemente estudiadas y analizadas en la literatura, el presente trabajo pretende avanzar sobre el conocimiento de las segundas y sus implicaciones en la actividad innovadora de las empresas. Para ello se ha analizado la influencia de nueve de esas fuentes externas sobre la intensidad total de la actividad innovadora y de las actividades de I+D intramuros y extramuros del conjunto del sector productivo español durante el periodo 2001-2003, llegando a la conclusión de que los clientes son quienes mayor impacto ejercen en los tres casos.<br /><br />Manufacturers are currently not the only ones in charge of developing new products, processes or services. Instead, nowadays it is necessary to recognize the importante of other external agents to the organization as sources of innovation activities. The present complex and dynamic environments force organizations to complement their internal knowledge with other sorts of external information. These circumstances have created a distinction between internal and external innovation sources. Given that the first have been studied and analysed thoroughly in the literature, the present study tries to advance in the understanding of the second and its mplications with regard to the organizations' innovation activities. In order to achieve this objective, the present article analyzes the effect of nine external sources on the total innovation activity intensity and also on the internal and external R&amp;D activities of the whole Spanish productive sector during the period spanning from 2001 to 2003. This study concludes that cooperation with customers had the most significant effect in all of the tree cases.<br />

Aggregators News Sources of Main Portals in Poland

2017 ◽  
pp. 205-222
Author(s):  
Jan Kreft ◽  
Mariana Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
Excessive Amount ◽  
External Information ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Main Section ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
News Sources ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Different Sources

Aggregation of media content comes as a popular form of media market activity which is supposed to facilitate access to information in the conditions of its excessive amount. It can be defined as selection and hierarchization of information and determination of its value. Aggregation can be performed with the direct participation of editorial teams, or it can be performed automatically, with the use of algorithms. The research conducted in April 2014 – April 2015 was to indicate the sources of information published by the news portals dominating on the Polish market, namely: Onet.pl and WP. pl. The research referred to the main section Wiadomosci (News). During the research 1829 sources of information were identified in Onet.pl and 2272 sources of information in WP.pl. Considering Onet.pl, there were 549 pieces of the portal news and 1239 pieces of news obtained from different sources. WP.pl presented 582 pieces of the portal news and 1690 pieces of news received from other sources. Thus, Onet.pl presented its original content more frequently. The scale of using external sources allows us to state that both portals are, first of all, the aggregators of medial contents, and they use external information sources, however the scale of the practice is differentiated. Generally, it is possible to state that only every third message placed in the most important section of both portals was created in their editorial offices.

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