scholarly journals Inequality as Entitlements over Labor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Segal
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Normative Basis

The modern study of economic inequality is based on the distribution of entitlements over goods and services. But social commentators at least since Rousseau have been concerned with a different aspect of economic inequality: that it implies that one person is entitled to command another person for their own personal ends. I call this inequality as entitlements over labor. I propose to measure entitlements over labor by calculating the extent to which top income groups can afford to buy the labor of others for the purpose of their personal consumption. Unlike standard inequality measures, this measure is not welfarist, but instead has its normative basis in relations of domination, hierarchy and social status between people. I estimate entitlements over labor in three high-inequality and two low-inequality countries and argue that inequality as entitlements over labor is socially and politically salient, capturing a side of inequality neglected by standard measures. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals Rising Top-Income Persistence in Australia: Evidence from Income Tax Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Herault ◽  
Dean Hyslop ◽  
Stephen P. Jenkins ◽  
Roger Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Persistence Rates

We use a new Australian longitudinal income tax dataset, Alife, covering 1991–2017, to examine levels and trends in the persistence in top-income group membership, focussing on the top 1%. We summarize persistence in multiple ways, documenting levels and trends in rates of remaining in top-income groups; re-entry to the top; the income changes associated with top-income transitions; and we also compare top-income persistence rates for annual and ‘permanent’ incomes. Regardless of the perspective taken, top-income persistence increased markedly over the period, with most of the increase occurring in the mid-2000s and early 2010s. In the mid- to late-2010s, Australian top-income persistence rates appear to have been near the top of the range of tax-data estimates for other countries. Using univariate breakdowns and multivariate regression, we show that the rise in top-income persistence in Australia was experienced by many population subgroups. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals Real Urban Wage in an Agricultural Economy Without Landless Farmers: Serbia 1862-1910

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boško Mijatović ◽  
Branko Milanovic
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Modest Increase ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Agricultural Societies ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Workers

The paper presents the first estimate of the welfare ratio for Serbia using the 19th and early 20th century data on wages of skilled and unskilled workers (including the part paid in kind) and prices of goods that enter into “subsistence” and “respectability” consumption baskets. It finds a stagnation of unskilled wage close to the welfare ratio of 1, and a modest increase in skilled wage. The paper introduces several adjustments to conventional methodology in order to make it more relevant for predominantly agricultural societies. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

Balancing Identities: How Economic Inequality and Class Affect Work-life Balance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Filippi ◽  
Caterina Suitner ◽  
Bruno Gabriel Salvador Casara ◽  
Davide Pirrone ◽  
Mara A. Yerkes
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
European Policy ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Fundamental Part

Work-Life Balance (WLB) is recognized as a fundamental part of people’s well-being and prioritized in European policy making. Until recently, little attention was given to the role of economic inequality in people's inferences of WLB. In Study 1, we experimentally tested and confirmed a) the effect of economic inequality on WLB, and b) the role of status anxiety in mediating this relationship. In Study 2, we provided a replication and advancement of Study 1 by manipulating socioeconomic class in addition to economic inequality. Results showed that in the inequality condition, people expected less WLB through a partial mediation of status anxiety and competitiveness. We also found that class mattered, with economic inequality mainly affecting participants in the low-class condition. In sum, economic inequality enhanced participants’ competitiveness and concern about their social status, which in turn affected WLB. This demonstrates the need for policies promoting WLB in those countries characterized by high inequality.

scholarly journals The Income Gap in Voting: Moderating Effects of Income Inequality and Clientelism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Twan Huijsmans ◽  
Arieke J. Rijken ◽  
Teodora Gaidyte
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract We investigated whether income gaps in voting turnout vary with country-level economic inequality, and whether this pattern differs between wealthier and less-wealthy countries. Moreover, we investigated whether the prevalence of clientelism was the underlying mechanism that accounts for the presumed negative interaction between relative income and economic inequality at lower levels of national wealth per capita. The harmonised PolPart dataset, combining cross-national surveys from 66 countries and 292 country-years, including 510,184 individuals, was analysed using multilevel logistic regression models. We found that the positive effect of relative income on voting was weaker at higher levels of economic inequality, independent of the level of national wealth. Although clientelism partially explains why economic inequality reduces the income gap in voter turnout, it does not do so in the way we expected. It seems to decrease turnout of higher income groups, rather than increase turnout of lower income groups. Importantly, that economic inequality reduces the income gap in voter turnout does not imply that economic inequality is positive for democratic representation, since economic inequality was found to depress the likelihood of voting for all income groups.

Urban Social Media Inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Агустин Индако ◽  
Лев Манович
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
City Life ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Novel Concept

Social media content shared today in cities, such as Instagram images, their tags and descriptions, is the key form of contemporary city life. It tells people where activities and locations that interest them are and it allows them to share their urban experiences and self-representations. Therefore, any analysis of urban structures and cultures needs to consider social media activity. In our paper, we introduce the novel concept of social media inequality. This concept allows us to quantitatively compare pattern in social media activities between parts of a city, a number of cities, or any other spatial areas. We define this concept using an analogy with the concept of economic inequality. Economic inequality indicates how some economic characteristics or material resources, such as income, wealth or consumption are distributed in a city, country or between countries. Accordingly, we can define social media inequality as the measures of distribution of characteristics of social media content shared in a particular geographic area or between areas. An example of such characteristics is the number of photos shared by all users of a social network such as Instagram in a given city or city area, or the content of these photos. We propose that the standard inequality measures used in other disciplines, such as the Gini coefficient, can also be used to characterize social media inequality. To test our ideas, we use a dataset of 7,442,454 public geo-coded Instagram images shared in Manhattan during five months (March — July) in 2014, and also selected data for 287 Census tracts in Manhattan. We compare patterns in Instagram sharing for locals and for visitors for all tracts, and also for hours in a 24 hour cycle. We also look at relations between social media inequality and socio-economic inequality using selected indicators for Census tracts. The inequality of Instagram images shared in Manhattan turns out to be bigger than inequalities in levels of income, rent, and unemployment.

scholarly journals Unequal Unification? Income Inequality and Unification in 19th Century Italy and Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Emanuel Erfurth
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
German States ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This research provides a comprehensive study of the linkages between unification and related policy choices on income inequality by examining the cases of Italy and Germany in the context of 19th century unification. To conduct this analysis, the study puts forward estimates of income inequality for pre-unification German states using social tables, compiled using primary data, some of which have thus far been unexplored in economic research. The findings suggest that differences in inequality between regions were more pronounced in Italy than in Germany. In seeking explanations for these trends, the study explores linkages between institutional structures, governance frameworks and inequality, connecting the research on federalism with the literature on inequality extraction. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals Wealth Transfers and Net Wealth at Death: Evidence from the Italian Inheritance Tax Records 1995–2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Acciari ◽  
Salvatore Morelli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
National Income ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Inheritance Tax ◽  
Substantial Rise ◽  
Total Wealth ◽  
A Share

In this paper we describe a novel source of data on the full record of inheritance tax files in Italy, covering up to 63% of total deceased. The work documents a substantial rise in the total value of inheritance and gifts as a share of national income, from 8.4% in 1995 to 15.1% in 2016. Consistent with the increasing role of total personal net wealth in the economy, the weight of inheritance and gifts in Italy appears relatively high by international standards. Over the same period, total wealth left at death has also become increasingly concentrated. The estates valued at least €1 million were worth 18.7% of total estate in the mid 1990s and 24.8% in 2016. This paper also documents that revenues collected from the inheritance tax underwent a threefold decline from 0.15% to 0.05% of total tax revenue between 1995 and 2016. Data also allow a disaggregated analysis by demographic and geographic characteristics. Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals TYPOLOGY AND TRENDOLOGY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CONSUMER MARKETS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Katarína Lehutová ◽  
Štefan Cisko
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Consumer Markets ◽  
The Social ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Typical Consumer

The individuals and companies purchasing goods and services for some other than personal consumption, e.g. for the family member, family usage or as a present for another person, are called organizational consumers. They operate on the organizational consumer market. These markets usually have fewer buyers but purchase is done in much greater amounts than typical consumer markets and to distinguish them from typical consumer markets they are also geographically concentrated. There are four main components of this market: industrial, reseller, government and foreign market. For the purpose of this paper, the organizational customer is understood the organization which sells products for another customers. In general, every consumer tries to apply their rights, fight for them. The interest of traders is usually hidden somewhere in the background. The main aim of this paper is to summarize how important the organizations are, highlight the role they play in the society, their development in time, the authenticity, which distinguished it from the individual consumer and to describe their importance and impact on the social life and economics in the Slovak Republic. Research conducted in European countries showed that the recession had a significant impact on all types of consumers. The paper analyses the results of those researches and finally depicts if the situation is the same in the Slovak Republic using the statistic data analysis, description and comparison. Key words: organizational consumers, consumer typology, consumer behavior, retailers.

scholarly journals Sectoral Responses, Macroeconomic Impact and Household Welfare: GST Policy for Malaysia Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Juliana Mohd Abdul Kadir ◽  
Mohamed Aslam Gulam Hassan ◽  
Zarinah Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Household Welfare ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
The Impact

Goods and services tax (GST) has been a controversial topic in Malaysia when it was first implemented. This study examines the impact of the GST on the Malaysian economy from three major perspectives. First, it investigates the consequent changes in sectoral responses, including output and prices for 15 main sectors. Second, the study presents the results of GST impact on seven macroeconomic variables, namely, consumption, investment, government revenue, government expenditure, export, import, and gross domestic product. Third, the results of household welfare are discussed. A computable general equilibrium model is utilized to simulate GST impact on the Malaysian economy, and a simple comparative static model is performed. The results prove that the higher the GST rate, the higher is the impact on each sector. The sectors most affected by GST are communication and ICT, and the electricity and gas sectors. By contrast, agriculture, forestry and logging, and the petroleum and natural gas sectors are the least affected. Consumption and investment receive the largest negative effect, whereas government revenue and expenditure show the largest positive effect. The study likewise finds that by lowering GST rate, the welfare loss was minimized and the higher-income groups were affected more than the lower-income groups.

scholarly journals The “Missing Rich” in Household Surveys: Causes and Correction Approaches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Lustig
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
External Information ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Item Nonresponse ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Correction Strategies

This paper presents a survey of causes and correction approaches to address the “missing rich” problem in household surveys. “Missing rich” here is a catch-all term for the issues that affect the upper tail of the distribution of income: undercoverage, sparseness, unit and item nonresponse, underreporting and top coding. Upper tail issues can result in serious biases and imprecision of survey- based inequality measures. A number of correction approaches have been proposed. A main distinction is between those that rely on within-survey methods and those that combine survey data with information from external sources such as tax records, National Accounts, rich lists or other external information. Within each category, the methods can correct by replacing top incomes or increasing their weight (reweighting). Correction methods can be nonparametric and parametric. This survey aims to help researchers choose appropriate correction strategies and design robustness tests. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

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