scholarly journals What Is the Right Way to Make a Wrong a Right?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
The Right

It seems clear that the most challenging versions of the nonidentity problem involve, at least implicitly, claims about probability. Once we realize that, we are tempted to appeal to the concept of expected utility for purposes of understanding the problem and analyzing the underlying cases. But there are reasons to think that that approach is ultimately unsatisfactory. Thus the question remains open just how probabilities are to be brought to bear in connection with nonidentity. This paper explores some of our options and some of the challenges those options will face.

scholarly journals Pessimistic Portfolio Choice with One Safe and One Risky Asset and Right Monotone Probability Difference Order

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangfeng Li ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Zhiqiang Ye ◽  
Shunming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Portfolio Choice ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Risky Asset ◽  
Stochastic Orders ◽  
Monotone Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Changes In Risk ◽  
The Right ◽  
Monotone Probability ◽  
The Relationship

As is well known, a first-order dominant deterioration in risk does not necessarily cause a risk-averse investor to reduce his holdings of that deteriorated asset under the expected utility framework, even in the simplest portfolio setting with one safe asset and one risky asset. The purpose of this paper is to derive conditions on shifts in the distribution of the risky asset under which the counterintuitive conclusion above can be overthrown under the rank-dependent expected utility framework, a more general and prominent alternative of the expected utility. Two new criterions of changes in risk, named the monotone probability difference (MPD) and the right monotone probability difference (RMPD) order, are proposed, which is a particular case of the first stochastic dominance. The relationship among MPD, RMPD, and the other two important stochastic orders, monotone likelihood ratio (MLR) and monotone probability ratio (MPR), is examined. A desired comparative statics result is obtained when a shift in the distribution of the risky asset satisfies the RMPD criterion.

scholarly journals A Risk-Neutral Consumer and His Coherent Decisions Under Uncertainty: A Methodological Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Angelini
Keyword(s):  
Utility Function ◽  
Linear Space ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Random Quantity ◽  
Geometric Condition ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Decisions Under Uncertainty ◽  
Risk Neutral ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right

If we study the expected utility function then we deal with a unified approach to an integrated formulation of decision theory in its two subjective components: utility and probability. We decompose the expected utility function inside of an m-dimensional linear space after decomposing a contingent consumption plan viewed as a univariate random quantity. We propose a condition of coherence compatible with all possible attitudes in the face of risk of a consumer. It is a geometric condition of coherence. In particular, we consider a risk-neutral consumer and his coherent decisions under uncertainty. The right closed structure in order to deal with utility and probability is a linear space in which we study coherent decisions under uncertainty having as their goal the maximization of the prevision of the utility associated with a contingent consumption bundle.

The Difficulties of Applied Ethics

2018 ◽  
pp. 23-48
Author(s):  
Barry Hoffmaster ◽  
Cliff Hooker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Moral Problem ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Formal Rationality ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

A second kind of formal rationality, complementary to the maximizing expected utility in Chapter 1, is logical inference. In much of moral philosophy and in standard bioethics decision making is applied ethics. Moral theories are taken to be comprised of principles that are applied to the facts of cases to deduce conclusions about what ought to be done. The canonical depiction of bioethics, for instance, consists of the four principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. The real examples in this chapter expose the many failings of that applied ethics. Most of the cases are about when to die and how to die, but the term ‘euthanasia’ is indeterminate. The crucial notion of ‘autonomy’ also is indeterminate. Both need to be clarified and specified. But how is this to be done? Similarly, when principles and rules conflict, as they often do, how is the one that prevails to be determined? There are no higher principles or rules that can be applied to get the right answer in any of these cases. More broadly, what makes a problem a moral problem, and what does being a moral problem mean? These issues require non-formal rational deliberation, not the formal rationality of deduction.

Wrongful Voting

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Epistemic Justification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Epistemic Standards ◽  
The Right

This chapter argues that citizens have to meet certain epistemic standards when they vote, or otherwise they ought to abstain. It describes two kinds of bad voting: unexcused harmful voting and fortuitous voting. Unexcused harmful voting occurs when a person votes, without epistemic justification, for harmful polices or for candidates likely to enact harmful policies. This kind of voting is collectively—not individually—harmful, because individual votes have insignificant expected utility or disutility. On the other hand, fortuitous voting occurs when citizens vote for what are in fact beneficial policies or candidates likely to enact beneficial policies, but they lack sufficient justification to believe that these policies or candidates are good. In other words, fortuitous voting occurs when a person makes the right choice for the wrong reasons or for no reason at all.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

What face familiarity feelings say about the lateralization of specific entities within the core system

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Gainotti
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Core System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
The Right

Abstract The target article carefully describes the memory system, centered on the temporal lobe that builds specific memory traces. It does not, however, mention the laterality effects that exist within this system. This commentary briefly surveys evidence showing that clear asymmetries exist within the temporal lobe structures subserving the core system and that the right temporal structures mainly underpin face familiarity feelings.

Study of charge transfer in FeTi

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 296-297
Author(s):  
J. Taft∅
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Charge Distribution ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Periodic System ◽  
Electron Distribution ◽  
Scattering Amplitude ◽  
Transition Elements ◽  
Hartree Fock ◽  
Cscl Structure ◽  
The Right

It is well known that for reflections corresponding to large interplanar spacings (i.e., sin θ/λ small), the electron scattering amplitude, f, is sensitive to the ionicity and to the charge distribution around the atoms. We have used this in order to obtain information about the charge distribution in FeTi, which is a candidate for storage of hydrogen. Our goal is to study the changes in electron distribution in the presence of hydrogen, and also the ionicity of hydrogen in metals, but so far our study has been limited to pure FeTi. FeTi has the CsCl structure and thus Fe and Ti scatter with a phase difference of π into the 100-ref lections. Because Fe (Z = 26) is higher in the periodic system than Ti (Z = 22), an immediate “guess” would be that Fe has a larger scattering amplitude than Ti. However, relativistic Hartree-Fock calculations show that the opposite is the case for the 100-reflection. An explanation for this may be sought in the stronger localization of the d-electrons of the first row transition elements when moving to the right in the periodic table. The tabulated difference between fTi (100) and ffe (100) is small, however, and based on the values of the scattering amplitude for isolated atoms, the kinematical intensity of the 100-reflection is only 5.10-4 of the intensity of the 200-reflection.

New Dimensions in Freeze-Etching

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 202-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Michael Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Aluminum Specimen ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
The Right

A redesigned specimen holder and cap have made possible the freeze-etching of both fracture surfaces of a frozen fractured specimen. In principal, the procedure involves freezing a specimen between two specimen holders (as shown in A, Fig. 1, and the left side of Fig. 2). The aluminum specimen holders and brass cap are constructed so that the upper specimen holder can be forced loose, turned over, and pressed down firmly against the specimen stage to a position represented by B, Fig. 1, and the right side of Fig. 2.

Adrenocorticotropin Production by a Mammary Carcinoma

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
K.S. McCarty ◽  
N.R. Wallace ◽  
W. Litaker ◽  
S. Wells ◽  
G. Eisenbarth
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Carcinoma Of The Breast ◽  
Ectopic Acth ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Subcutaneous Metastases ◽  
Ectopic Acth Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pituitary Carcinomas

The production of adrenocorticotropic hormone by non-pituitary carcinomas has been documented in several tumors, most frequently small cell carcinoma of the lung, islet cell carcinomas of the pancreas, thymomas and carcinoids. Electron microscopy of these tumors reveals typical membrane-limited "neurosecretory" granules. Confirmation of the granules as adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) requires the use of OsO4 as a primary fixative to give the characteristic cored granule appearance in conjunction with immunohistochemical demonstration of the hormone peptide. Because of the rarity of ectopic ACTH production by mammary carcinomas and the absence of appropriate ultrastructural studies in the two examples of such ectopic hormone production in the literature of which we are aware (1,2), we present biochemical and ultrastructural data from a carcinoma of the breast with apparent ACTH production.The patient had her primary tumor in the right breast in 1969. The tumor recurred as visceral and subcutaneous metastases in 1976 and again in 1977.

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