scholarly journals Changing Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Perceived Discrimination from the 1990s to the 2010s in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Thomas E Fuller-Rowell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Percentage Point Difference ◽  
Over Time

Individuals with low socioeconomic status have a higher risk of experiencing daily discrimination, that is, receiving unfair and disrespectful treatment from others. Social trends in economic inequality suggest that the life circumstances of individuals with low socioeconomic status have not improved with the same rate as those with high socioeconomic status. We examined whether the prevalence of class discrimination in the United States has changed in the last two decades. Data were from the original Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study with data collections in 1995-1996 (n=2,931) and 2004-2005 (n=1,708), and the new MIDUS Refresher sample from 2011-2014 (n=2,543). Socioeconomic status was assessed with education, occupational status, income, and self-reported financial situation. Daily discrimination experiences were assessed with the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Socioeconomic status became more strongly associated with discrimination experiences over time: at the 1995-1996 baseline assessment, the difference in daily discrimination between the highest and lowest SES groups was 15.3% vs. 10.8% (4.7 percentage point difference). This difference increased to 20.0% vs. 7.4% difference in 2011-2014 (12.6 percentage point difference). Perceived discrimination was associated with psychological distress similarly over time and across levels of socioeconomic status. The results suggest that people with low socioeconomic status have a higher risk of encountering unfair and disrespectful treatment from others in the 2010s compared to the 1990s.

scholarly journals Disseminating a Smoke-free Homes Program to Low Socioeconomic Status Households in the United States Through 2-1-1: Results of a National Impact Evaluation

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łucja T Bundy ◽  
Regine Haardörfer ◽  
Michelle C Kegler ◽  
Shadé Owolabi ◽  
Carla J Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Shs Exposure

Abstract Introduction Given homes are now a primary source of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in the United States, research-tested interventions that promote smoke-free homes should be evaluated in real-world settings to build the evidence base for dissemination. This study describes outcome evaluation results from a dissemination and implementation study of a research-tested program to increase smoke-free home rules through US 2-1-1 helplines. Methods Five 2-1-1 organizations, chosen through a competitive application process, were awarded grants of up to $70 000. 2-1-1 staff recruited participants, delivered the intervention, and evaluated the program. 2-1-1 clients who were recruited into the program allowed smoking in the home, lived in households with both a smoker and a nonsmoker or child, spoke English, and were at least 18 years old. Self-reported outcomes were assessed using a pre-post design, with follow-up at 2 months post baseline. Results A total of 2345 households (335–605 per 2-1-1 center) were enrolled by 2-1-1 staff. Most participants were female (82%) and smokers (76%), and half were African American (54%). Overall, 40.1% (n = 940) reported creating a full household smoking ban. Among the nonsmoking adults reached at follow-up (n = 389), days of SHS exposure in the past week decreased from 4.9 (SD = 2.52) to 1.2 (SD = 2.20). Among the 1148 smokers reached for follow-up, 211 people quit, an absolute reduction in smoking of 18.4% (p < .0001), with no differences by gender. Conclusions Among those reached for 2-month follow-up, the proportion who reported establishing a smoke-free home was comparable to or higher than smoke-free home rates in the prior controlled research studies. Implications Dissemination of this brief research-tested intervention via a national grants program with support from university staff to five 2-1-1 centers increased home smoking bans, decreased SHS exposure, and increased cessation rates. Although the program delivery capacity demonstrated by these competitively selected 2-1-1s may not generalize to the broader 2-1-1 network in the United States, or social service agencies outside of the United States, partnering with 2-1-1s may be a promising avenue for large-scale dissemination of this smoke-free homes program and other public health programs to low socioeconomic status populations in the United States.

Predictors of Unmet Dental Health Needs in US Adults in 2018: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 238008442110356
Author(s):  
D.J. Gaskin ◽  
H. Zare ◽  
R. McCleary ◽  
O. Kanwar ◽  
A.L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Dental Visit ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dental Needs

Objective: To identify predictors of unmet dental needs for adults 18 y of age or older in the United States. Method: Using the Aday and Andersen framework and data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), we ran logistic regression to estimate predictors for adults of not having a dental visit within 5 y and having lost any teeth using a national sample of 155,060 survey respondents. Results: Results showed that predisposing factors (age, race/ethnicity, gender, and educational attainment) and enabling factors (income and health insurance status) are important predictors for losing teeth due to decay or gum disease. Men, the elderly, and less educated and low-income residents were less likely to have seen a dentist within the past 5 y and more likely to have lost their permanent teeth. Compared to non-Hispanic White adults, Hispanics adults were more likely to have had a dental visit within the past 5 y. Unmet dental needs varied across states. People living in states with extensive Medicaid dental care benefit coverage were less likely to lose their teeth and more likely to have had a dental visit within the past 5 y. Conclusion: Efforts to improve oral health should address unmet dental needs of men and adults with low socioeconomic status. Studying the variation between state oral health care programs could further our understanding of how public policy can improve population oral health. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Men, non-Hispanic Blacks, mixed and other race minorities, and low socioeconomic status adults are most at risk of unmet dental needs. States can address these needs by expanding Medicaid coverage for adults.

Racial and socioeconomic disparities in follicular lymphoma survival.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18173-e18173
Author(s):  
Richard Stephen Sheppard ◽  
Adewumi Adekunle ◽  
Stefani Beale ◽  
Meena Ahluwalia
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Follicular Lymphoma ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Asian Pacific Islander ◽  
Asian Pacific

e18173 Background: Follicular Lymphoma (FL) is a the second most common Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) diagnosed in the United States with 2.6 per 100,000 men and women per year from 2011 to 2015 when age adjusted as per the National Cancer Institute with the number of deaths of 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. It known that FL is one of the most clinically indolent NHL and due to this, survival rates are generally more favorable when compared to other B Cell Lymphomas. With this study, we aim to analyse socioeconomic and racial disparities in the survival rates for FL. Methods: The authors identified patients diagnosed with FL between 1973 and 2015 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Overall survival was estimated and compared between racial/ethnic groups using the log-rank test. Our outcome variables were 1-year, 5-year and mortality. Our independent variables were race and socioeconomic status. We controlled for age, demographic characteristics, time of diagnosis, pathological classification, treatment and socioeconomic status. Results: A total of 66 127 patients were identified; 90% of the patients were White, 4% Black, and 4% Asian. We noted significant differences in disease presentation, socioeconomic status, and outcomes. Asian/Pacific Islander had the lowest survival with a mean of 228 survival months, Blacks had a mean survival months of 237, and Whites had a mean survival months of 234. Conclusions: Disparities exist in the care and outcomes of FL. A low socioeconomic status is correlated with decreased survival.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Great Britain and the United States Since 1850: Comment

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 2021-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hout ◽  
Avery M Guest
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intergenerational Correlation ◽  
Structural Mobility ◽  
Over Time

We reanalyze Long and Ferrie's data. We find that the association of occupational status across generations was quite similar over time and place. Two significant differences were: (i) American farms in 1880 were far more open to men who had nonfarm backgrounds than were American farms in 1973 or British farms in either century; (ii) of the four cases, the intergenerational correlation was strongest in Britain in 1881. Structural mobility related to, among other things, economic growth and occupational differentiation, affected mobility most in 1970s America. (JEL J62, N31, N32, N33, N34)

LATINA/O WHITENING?

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Racial Identification ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Boundary Maintenance ◽  
Eastern European Immigrant

AbstractSome scholars argue that Latina/os in the United States may soon become White, much like the supposed Whitening of Eastern European immigrant groups in the early twentieth century. High rates of White racial identification on surveys among Latina/os is one explanation provided for this assertion. However, personal identification is but one element of racial boundary maintenance. It is when personal identification is externally validated that it is most closely associated with group-based experiences. This article maps components of the White-Latino racial boundary that may be permeable to White expansion by examining conditions under which Latina/os self-identify as Whiteandreport that they are externally classified as White by other Americans. Employing novel data from the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, this article shows that nearly 40% of Latina/os sometimes self-identify as White, yet a much smaller proportion—only 6%—report being externally classified as White by others. Moreover, logistic regression analyses suggest that for those with light phenotypical features and high levels of socioeconomic status, the odds of reported external Whitening are increased. Interestingly, phenotypically light Latina/os with low-socioeconomic-status levels have low probabilities of reporting external classification as White when compared to their phenotypically light and high-socioeconomic-status counterparts, suggesting that the combination of both skin color and class may be central to the White-Latino racial boundary. Results also indicate that many who report external Whitening do not prefer to self-identify as White. In sum, multidimensional measures of racial classification indicate that only a very small minority of Latina/os may be “becoming White” in ways that some previous researchers have predicted.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic reveals persistent disparities in nitrogen dioxide pollution

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (30) ◽  
pp. e2022409118
Author(s):  
Gaige Hunter Kerr ◽  
Daniel L. Goldberg ◽  
Susan C. Anenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Demographic Subgroups

The unequal spatial distribution of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2), an air pollutant related to traffic, leads to higher exposure for minority and low socioeconomic status communities. We exploit the unprecedented drop in urban activity during the COVID-19 pandemic and use high-resolution, remotely sensed NO2 observations to investigate disparities in NO2 levels across different demographic subgroups in the United States. We show that, prior to the pandemic, satellite-observed NO2 levels in the least White census tracts of the United States were nearly triple the NO2 levels in the most White tracts. During the pandemic, the largest lockdown-related NO2 reductions occurred in urban neighborhoods that have 2.0 times more non-White residents and 2.1 times more Hispanic residents than neighborhoods with the smallest reductions. NO2 reductions were likely driven by the greater density of highways and interstates in these racially and ethnically diverse areas. Although the largest reductions occurred in marginalized areas, the effect of lockdowns on racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic NO2 disparities was mixed and, for many cities, nonsignificant. For example, the least White tracts still experienced ∼1.5 times higher NO2 levels during the lockdowns than the most White tracts experienced prior to the pandemic. Future policies aimed at eliminating pollution disparities will need to look beyond reducing emissions from only passenger traffic and also consider other collocated sources of emissions such as heavy-duty vehicles.

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