scholarly journals Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Great Britain and the United States Since 1850: Comment

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 2021-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hout ◽  
Avery M Guest
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intergenerational Correlation ◽  
Structural Mobility ◽  
Over Time

We reanalyze Long and Ferrie's data. We find that the association of occupational status across generations was quite similar over time and place. Two significant differences were: (i) American farms in 1880 were far more open to men who had nonfarm backgrounds than were American farms in 1973 or British farms in either century; (ii) of the four cases, the intergenerational correlation was strongest in Britain in 1881. Structural mobility related to, among other things, economic growth and occupational differentiation, affected mobility most in 1970s America. (JEL J62, N31, N32, N33, N34)

Political Talk Over Here, Over There, Over Time

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN E. BENNETT ◽  
RICHARD S. FLICKINGER ◽  
STACI L. RHINE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Political Talk ◽  
Important Form ◽  
Over Time

Data from Great Britain and the United States from the late 1950s to the early 1990s show relatively little change in the frequency with which citizens engage in political discussions, with whom they are likely to speak, and the variables that shape their propensity to engage in political talk. In addition, analyses of the data show that discussing politics enhances citizens' knowledge of public affairs, even net of other variables known to affect political knowledge. Students of political behaviour and those interested in strengthening democracy need to treat political discussions as an important form of political participation.

Railroads and German Economic Growth: A Leading Sector Analysis with a Comparison to the United States and Great Britain

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Fremdling
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Iron Industry ◽  
Sector Analysis ◽  
Linkage Effects

The aim of this article is to investigate the railroads' contribution to German economic growth from the 1840s to the 1870s. The analysis focuses on background linkage effects. It is shown that the emergence of the modern German iron industry was due to the railroads' demand for iron products. A comparison with the United States reveals the considerably greater importance of German railroad construction for its domestic iron industry from 1840 to 1860. The British iron industry not only profited from domestic railroad construction but benefited significantly from railroad construction abroad, a fact too often neglected.

Occupational Status and Mobility among Undocumented Immigrants by Gender

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary G. Powers ◽  
William Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undocumented Immigrants ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Region Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

This article addresses two issues concerning about the integration and mobility of undocumented immigrants in the United States: 1) whether undocumented men and women improve their earnings and occupational status over time and 2) the extent of variation in occupational status and mobility by gender and region. Data from the 1989 Legalized Population Survey indicate that both undocumented men and women, on average, improved their earnings and occupational status between their first jobs in the United States and their jobs just prior to application for legalization under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. The earnings, occupational status, and occupational mobility of men were greater than for women, however.

Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Great Britain and the United States Since 1850: Reply

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 2041-2049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Long ◽  
Joseph Ferrie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Mobility

We respond to several criticisms by Avery Guest and Michael Hout (2013) and Yu Xie and Alexandra Killewald (2013) to Jason Long and Joseph Ferrie (2013). We do not dispute Guest and Hout's characterization of the importance of total mobility in addition to relative mobility. We find much in their additional analyses that supports our original findings. In response to Xie and Killewald, we discuss the limitations of our data and the conceptualization of mobility. (JEL J62, N31, N32, N33, N34)

Explaining Variation in Rates of Entrepreneurship in the United States: 1899-1988

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Shane
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Failure ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines rates of entrepreneurship over time in the U.S. economy. It finds strong support for the argument that variations in rates of entrepreneurship follow a Schumpeterian model. Changes in rates of entrepreneurship appear to be driven by changes in technology. Some evidence is also found for the effects of the Protestant Ethic, interest rates, prior rates of entrepreneurship, risk-taking propensity, business failure rates, economic growth, immigration, and age distribution of the population.

scholarly journals The ephemeral effects of fact-checks on COVID-19 misperceptions: Evidence from the United States, Great Britain, and Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan J. Nyhan ◽  
John Michael Carey ◽  
Andrew Markus Guess ◽  
Joseph B Phillips ◽  
Peter John Loewen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The People ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Over Time

Widespread misperceptions about COVID-19 and the novel coronavirus threaten to exacerbate the severity of the pandemic. We conducted preregistered survey experiments in the United States, Great Britain, and Canada examining the effectiveness of fact-checks that seek to correct these false or unsupported misperceptions. Across three countries with differing levels of political conflict over the COVID-19 response, we demonstrate that fact-checks reduce targeted misperceptions, especially among the groups who are most vulnerable to these claims, and have minimal spillover effects on the accuracy of other beliefs about COVID-19. However, the positive effects of fact-checks on the accuracy of respondents' beliefs fail to persist over time in panel data even after repeated exposure. These results suggest that fact-checks can successfully change the beliefs of the people who would benefit from them most but that their effects are disappointingly ephemeral.

Invitation to Empire: Tariffs and American Economic Expansion in Canada

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Scheinberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Influence

The growth of the United States' economic influence in twentieth-century Canada was intimately related to the continuation of the “National Policy” of protectionist tariffs. Professor Scheinberg argues that Canadians initially welcomed America's consciously expansionist thrust, and that they eventually became entangled in the problems of seeking rapid economic growth along with economic independence from both the older imperialism of Great Britain and the newer variety represented by the United States.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Great Britain and the United States Since 1850

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Long ◽  
Joseph Ferrie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Fathers And Sons ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The US tolerates more inequality than Europe and believes its economic mobility is greater than Europe's, though they had roughly equal rates of intergenerational occupational mobility in the late twentieth century. We extend this comparison into the nineteenth century using 10,000 nationally-representative British and US fathers and sons. The US was more mobile than Britain through 1900, so in the experience of those who created the US welfare state in the 1930s, the US had indeed been “exceptional.” The US mobility lead over Britain was erased by the 1950s, as US mobility fell from its nineteenth century levels. (JEL J62, N31, N32, N33, N34)

scholarly journals Changing Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Perceived Discrimination from the 1990s to the 2010s in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Thomas E Fuller-Rowell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Percentage Point Difference ◽  
Over Time

Individuals with low socioeconomic status have a higher risk of experiencing daily discrimination, that is, receiving unfair and disrespectful treatment from others. Social trends in economic inequality suggest that the life circumstances of individuals with low socioeconomic status have not improved with the same rate as those with high socioeconomic status. We examined whether the prevalence of class discrimination in the United States has changed in the last two decades. Data were from the original Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study with data collections in 1995-1996 (n=2,931) and 2004-2005 (n=1,708), and the new MIDUS Refresher sample from 2011-2014 (n=2,543). Socioeconomic status was assessed with education, occupational status, income, and self-reported financial situation. Daily discrimination experiences were assessed with the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Socioeconomic status became more strongly associated with discrimination experiences over time: at the 1995-1996 baseline assessment, the difference in daily discrimination between the highest and lowest SES groups was 15.3% vs. 10.8% (4.7 percentage point difference). This difference increased to 20.0% vs. 7.4% difference in 2011-2014 (12.6 percentage point difference). Perceived discrimination was associated with psychological distress similarly over time and across levels of socioeconomic status. The results suggest that people with low socioeconomic status have a higher risk of encountering unfair and disrespectful treatment from others in the 2010s compared to the 1990s.

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