scholarly journals The Great Gatsby Curve

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven N. Durlauf ◽  
Andros Kourtellos ◽  
Chih Ming Tan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
Behavioral Mechanism ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
The Relationship

This paper provides a synthesis of theoretical and empirical work on the Great Gatsby Curve, the positive empirical relationship between cross-section income inequality and persistence of income across generations. We present statistical models of income dynamics that mechanically give rise to the relationship between inequality and mobility. Five distinct classes of theories, including models on family investments, skills, social influences, political economy, and aspirations are developed, each providing a behavioral mechanism to explain the relationship. Finally, we review empirical studies that provide evidence of the curve for a range of contexts and socioeconomic outcomes as well as explore evidence on mechanisms. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals The relationship between excess returns, firm size and earnings on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Page ◽  
Francis Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Model Misspecification ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Excess Returns ◽  
Market Inefficiencies ◽  
Johannesburg Stock Exchange ◽  
The Relationship

While considerable empirical work has been conducted in the United States concerning excess returns and the relationship of these returns to firm size and E/P ratio, thus far, there have been few similar empirical studies conducted using Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) data. Evidence of firm size or E/P ratio effects has been ascribed by various authors to either model misspecification or market inefficiencies. In this article the evidence is examined for the South African market using 1370 company years of data over the period 1978 to 1988, and a significant earnings effect is found, but no size effect. In the analysis the problem of data bias is considered with particular emphasis on thin trading issues, and a methodology for future empirical work is described. Finally, it is suggested that the evidence can be better explained by market inefficiencies than model misspecification.

scholarly journals Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Corak
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Earnings Mobility ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
Adult Earnings ◽  
The Relationship

My focus is on the degree to which increasing inequality in the high-income countries, particularly in the United States, is likely to limit economic mobility for the next generation of young adults. I discuss the underlying drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility. The goal is to explain why America differs from other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher inequality, and how the process is different for the top 1 percent. I begin by presenting evidence that countries with more inequality at one point in time also experience less earnings mobility across the generations, a relationship that has been called “The Great Gatsby Curve.” The interaction between families, labor markets, and public policies all structure a child's opportunities and determine the extent to which adult earnings are related to family background—but they do so in different ways across national contexts. Both cross-country comparisons and the underlying trends suggest that these drivers are all configured most likely to lower, or at least not raise, the degree of intergenerational earnings mobility for the next generation of Americans coming of age in a more polarized labor market. This trend will likely continue unless there are changes in public policy that promote the human capital of children in a way that offers relatively greater benefits to the relatively disadvantaged.

scholarly journals The Impact of Public Investment on Private Investment: A Disaggregated Analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4II) ◽  
pp. 639-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noman Saeed ◽  
Kalim Hyder ◽  
Asghar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Statistical Results

The impact of public investment on private investment has been a matter of great interest in economic literature. Classical economists believed that public investment crowds out private investment. While Keynesian economists counter this argument and argued that public investment increases or crowds in private investment because of the multiplier effect. Many of the empirical studies have directly examined this by testing whether a statistically significant relationship exists or not, between public investment and private investment. The empirical work appears with mixed statistical results on the relationship between public and private investment. Results of Erenburg and Wohar (1995), Pereira (2001, 2003), Pereira and Roca-Sagales (2001), Hyder (2002) and Naqvi (2002) showed that public investment crowds in private investment while Pradhan, Ratha and Sarma (1990), Haque and Montiel (1993), Ahmed (1994), Voss (2002) and Narayan (2004) showed that public investment crowds out private investment.

The Opportunities and Challenges of Using Administrative Data Linkages to Evaluate Mobility

2014 ◽  
Vol 657 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Johnson ◽  
Catherine Massey ◽  
Amy O’Hara
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Data Linkages

Since Alan Krueger’s christening of the Great Gatsby curve, there has been increased attention given to the relationship between inequality and intergenerational social mobility in the United States. Studying intergenerational mobility (IGM) requires longitudinal data across large spans of time as well as the ability to follow parents and children over multiple generations. Few longitudinal datasets meet this need. This article surveys available data and the current and potential issues surrounding the use of administrative records to vastly extend the study of IGM. First, we describe the U.S. Census Bureau’s current uses of administrative records in the linkage of households across household surveys such as the Current Population Survey (CPS), American Community Survey (ACS), Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), and the decennial censuses. Then, we describe the possibilities of creating additional parent-child linkages using the SIPP linked to decennial censuses and the ACS. Last, we outline our model to create linkages across earlier census data (e.g., 1980 and 1990) and contemporary surveys.

Styron Leaves Las Vegas

Janus Head ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-297
Author(s):  
Kerry Kidd ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Las Vegas ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
Alcohol Habit ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This essay examines the relationship between wording authorship, depression and addiction. Styron's own experience was of tumbling into acute depression, following the withdrawal of his habitual low-level alcohol habit. The paper examines the way in which such depressions may be described as emptinesses of being congruent with a philosophical (Sartrean) perspective: it compares them with the wild excesses and hyperactivities associated with alcoholism in Leaving Las Vegas and The Great Gatsby. The paper makes several theoretical association between alcoholic behavior and the act of writing itself.

scholarly journals Conceptions of Shari`a and Support for Militancy and Democratic Values: Evidence From Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Christine Fair ◽  
Rebecca Littman ◽  
Elizabeth R. Nugent
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Survey Instrument ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
Support For Democracy ◽  
The Relationship

Numerous empirical studies of the relationship between popular support for Islamism and support for democracy and violence have yielded inconclusive results. We suspect that this is largely because scholars have not operationalized support for Shari`a in ways that capture the concept’s multi-dimensionality. In this paper, we employ data derived from a carefully designed survey instrument that casts unique insights into how Pakistanis imagine a Shari`a-based government. We find that formalizing an Islamic government as one that implements Shari`a by providing services and security for its citizens is positively associated with support for democratic values, whereas conceptualizing it as one that implements Shari`a by imposing hudud punishments and restricting women’s public roles is positively associated with support for militancy. These results suggest that it is important to understand how individuals within a particular context construe a Shari`a-based government, and future empirical work should take this.

scholarly journals Linking personality and cognition: a meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam R. Dougherty ◽  
Lauren M. Guillette
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Taxonomic Grouping ◽  
The Relationship

In the past decade, several conceptual papers have linked variation in animal personality to variation in cognition, and recent years have seen a flood of empirical studies testing this link. However, these results have not been synthesized in a quantitative way. Here, we systematically search the literature and conduct a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis of empirical papers that have tested the relationship between animal personality (exploration, boldness, activity, aggression and sociability) and cognition (initial learning/reversal speed, number of correct choices/errors after standard training). We find evidence for a small but significant relationship between variation in personality and variation in learning across species in the absolute scale; however, the direction of this relationship is highly variable and when both positive and negative effect sizes are considered, the average effect size does not differ significantly from zero. Importantly, this variation among studies is not explained by differences in personality or learning measure, or taxonomic grouping. Further, these results do not support current hypotheses suggesting that that fast-explorers are fast-learners or that slow-explorers perform better on tests of reversal learning. Rather, we find evidence that bold animals are faster learners, but only when boldness is measured in response to a predator (or simulated predator) and not when boldness is measured by exposure to a novel object (or novel food). Further, although only a small sub-sample of papers reported results separately for males and females, sex explained a significant amount of variation in effect size. These results, therefore, suggest that, while personality and learning are indeed related across a range of species, the direction of this relationship is highly variable. Thus further empirical work is needed to determine whether there are important moderators of this relationship. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

Dissolving Subjectivities: Imagined Selves in F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Keats

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Mark Sandy
Keyword(s):  
John Keats ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Narrative Technique ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
Tender Is The Night ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter argues that sympathetic ambivalence is the hallmark of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s mode of narration (for instance, exemplified in The Great Gatsby (1925) by Nick Carraway’s curious ambivalence towards the subject of his narration, Jay Gatsby). Paradoxically, Fitzgerald portrays subjectivity as involved in both an intimate immediacy from within and an incisive viewpoint marshalled from without. Fitzgerald’s narrative technique – one of empathetic engagement and critical distance – constitutes a form of Keats’s negatively capable poetics. Fitzgerald’s negatively capable poetics depict a process of self-dissolution which reconfigures the relationship between inner and outer identities, as well as the dynamics between self and world. Such fictions of the self, for Fitzgerald, are paradoxically a release from and an imposition on subjectivities (as played out through Dick Diver’s dilemma in Tender is the Night (1934)) and the environs they occupy.

Spotting a liar by looking for microexpressions: Challenges and Opportunities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunbing Shen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
High Stake ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Cues To Deception ◽  
The Relationship

Microexpressions do exist, and they are regarded as valid cues to deception by many researchers, furthermore, there is a lot of empirical evidence which substantiates this claim. However, some researchers don’t think the microexpression can be a way to catch a liar. The author elucidates the theories predicting that looking for microexpressions can be a way to catch a liar, and notes that some data can support for the utilization of microexpressions as a good way to detect deception. In addition, the author thinks that the mixed results in the area of investigating microexpressions and deception detection may be moderated by the stake. More empirical studies which employ high-stake lies to explore the relationship between microexpressions and deception detection are needed.

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