scholarly journals Pathways toward Inclusive Income Growth: A Comparative Decomposition of National Growth Profiles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Parolin ◽  
Janet C. Gornick
Keyword(s):  
Income Growth ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Transfer Policy ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Growth Profiles ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
The U.S ◽  
National Growth

Despite rising interest in income inequality, scholars remain divided over the mechanisms underlying inclusive income growth and how these mechanisms vary across countries. This study introduces the concept of national growth profiles, the additive contribution of changes in taxes, transfers, composition, and other factors including market institutions to changes across a country’s income distribution. We present a decomposition framework to measure national growth profiles for eight high-income countries from the 1980–2010s. Our findings adjudicate competing sociological and economic perspectives on rising inequality. First, we find that policy-driven changes in taxes and transfers are the dominant drivers of inclusive growth at the tails of the income distributions. Second, rising educational attainment contributes most to income growth across the distribution, but consistently contributes to less-inclusive growth. When changes in education are considered, changes in assortative mating and single parenthood have little consequence for changes in inequality. Third, changes to other factors including market institutions increased inequality in countries such as the U.S., but less so in France and Germany. Had the U.S. matched the changes to Dutch tax policy, Danish transfer policy, or other factors of most other countries, it could have achieved more inclusive income growth than observed. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals Pathways toward Inclusive Income Growth: A Comparative Decomposition of National Growth Profiles

2021 ◽  
pp. 000312242110548
Author(s):  
Zachary J. Parolin ◽  
Janet C. Gornick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Transfer Policy ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Growth Profiles ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
National Growth

Despite rising interest in income inequality, scholars remain divided over the mechanisms underlying inclusive income growth and how these mechanisms vary across countries. This study introduces the concept of national growth profiles, that is, the additive contribution of changes in taxes, transfers, composition, and other factors including market institutions to changes across a country’s income distribution. We present a decomposition framework to measure national growth profiles for eight high-income countries from the 1980s to 2010s. Our findings adjudicate competing sociological and economic perspectives on rising inequality. First, we find that policy-driven changes in taxes and transfers are the dominant drivers of inclusive growth at the tails of the income distributions. Second, rising educational attainment contributes most to income growth across the distribution, but consistently contributes to less-inclusive growth. When changes in education are considered, changes in assortative mating and single parenthood have little consequence for changes in inequality. Third, changes to other factors including market institutions increased inequality in countries such as the United States, but less so in France and Germany. Had the United States matched the changes to Dutch tax policy, Danish transfer policy, or other factors of most other countries, it could have achieved more inclusive income growth than observed.

scholarly journals After the Financial Crisis: The Evolution of the Global Income Distribution Between 2008 and 2013

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branko Milanovic
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Income Data ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
China’S Growth

Using the newly created, and in terms of coverage and detail, the most complete household income data from more than 130 countries, the paper analyzes the changes in the global income distribution between 2008 and 2013. This was the period of the global financial crisis and recovery. It is shown that global inequality continued to decline, largely due to China’s growth that explains one-half of global Gini decrease between 2008 and 2013. Income growth of the global top 1 percent slowed significantly. The slowdown is present even after survey data are corrected for the likely underestimation of highest incomes. The paper ends with a discussion of the effects of the financial crisis in the light of an even more serious looming crisis caused by the 2019-20 pandemic. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

Shipbuilding Productivity Rates of Change in East Asia

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Philip C. Koenig ◽  
Hitoshi Narita ◽  
Koichi Baba
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Productivity Improvement ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Quantitative Indication ◽  
The U.S

Overseas shipyards routinely deliver oceangoing merchant vessels at prices that are a fraction of what the best-performing U.S. shipbuilders are able to quote. Despite efforts to attain commercial competitiveness, it is not clear that the performance gap between the U.S. industry and international shipbuilders is closing. In fact, at least in the case of the U.S. industry compared with the global industry leaders (Japan and South Korea), it is possible that the productivity gap may be widening as a result of the process of relentless performance improvement that has been under way for years in those two nations. In this working paper, we provide a quantitative indication of the rates of change in productivity in Japanese and South Korean shipyards during recent decades. Accompanying this are some comments on the environment that has produced these productivity improvement rates. With this paper, we hope to contribute to an understanding of the dynamics of international competition in the merchant shipbuilding industry.

Pro-Poor Growth and the Lognormal Distribution

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Lognormal Distribution ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Income Distributions

A widely accepted criterion for the pro-poorness of an income growth pattern is that it should reduce a (chosen) measure of poverty by \textit{more} than if all incomes were growing equi-proportionately. Inequality reduction is not generally seen as either necessary or sufficient for pro-poorness. As empirical income distributions fit well to the lognormal form, lognormality has sometimes been assumed in order to determine analytically the poverty effects of income growth. We show that in a lognormal world, growth is pro-poor in the above sense, if and only if it is inequality-reducing. It follows that lognormality may not be a good paradigm by means of which to examine pro-poorness issues. In contrast, some popular 3-parameter forms offer the ability to conduct nuanced investigation of the pro-poorness growth-inequality nexus.

scholarly journals Strukturförderung und die Beachtung von Umweltbelangen in den USA

1998 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-313
Author(s):  
Reinhard Klein
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Block Grants ◽  
University Of Texas ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Community Development Block Grants ◽  
Development Block ◽  
The University ◽  
The U.S

Kurzfassung Im Anschluß an Teil 1Klein, Reinhard: Strukturförderung und die Beachtung von Umweltbelangen in den USA. Mechanismen und Praxis — Teil 1: Strukturförderung in den USA. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung (1998) 2/3, S. 194–200 schildert dieser Teil der zusammengefaßten Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung, die der Autor 1997 in den USA erstellt hat,Klein, Reinhard F.: Environmentally Friendly Decision-Making in Structural Policies. An Analysis of the Mechanisms and Practice in the U.S. and Conclusions for the European Union. LBJ School of Public Affairs (The University of Texas at Austin). — Austin TX 1997. = Working Paper No. 86. (Eine deutschsprachige Fassung ist beim Verfasser erhältlich.) zunächst das US-System zur Beachtung der Umweltbelange in der Entscheidungsfindung. An den Beispielen der Maßnahmen derEconomic Development Administration und derCommunity Development Block Grants wird die Praxis der Umweltprüfung strukturrelevanter Maßnahmen des Bundes dargestellt. Danach wird die Bedeutung von Umweltgenehmigungen beleuchtet. Nach einer kurzen allgemeinen Bewertung der US-Erfahrungen schließt der Beitrag mit ausführlichen Schlußfolgerungen für die Strukturpolitik der Europäischen Union und deren Durchführung. Integration, Durchsetzung, Unterstützung, Offenheit sowie Begleitung und Kontrolle sind die angesprochenen Grundsätze.

The shape of income distribution and decomposition of the changes in income inequality in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 760-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswini Kumar Mishra ◽  
Anil Kumar ◽  
Abhishek Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Rich ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Though Indian economy since 1980s has expanded very rapidly, yet the benefits of growth remain very unequally distributed. The purpose of this paper is to provide new evidence about the shape, intensity and decomposition of inequality change between 2005 and 2012. The authors find that Gini, as a measure of income inequality, has increased irrespective of geographic regions. Design/methodology/approach Based on a recent distribution analysis tool, “ABG,” the paper focuses on local inequality, and summarizes the shape of inequality in terms of three inequality parameters (α, β and γ) to examine how the income distributions have changed over time. Here, the central coefficient (α) measures inequality at the median level, with adjustment parameters at the top (β) and bottom (γ). Findings The results reveal that at the middle of distribution (α), there is almost the same inequality in both the periods, but the coefficients on the curvature parameters β and γ show that there is increasing inequality in the subsequent period. Finally, an analysis of decomposition of inequality change suggests that though income growth was progressive, however, this equalizing effect was more than offset by the disequalizing effect of income reranking. Research limitations/implications This paper shows how it can be possible both for “the poor” to fare badly relatively to “the rich” and for income growth to be pro-poor. Practical implications This paper stresses the significance of inequality reduction. Social implications Inequality reduction is very much imperative in ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Originality/value Perhaps, this research work is first of its kind to examine the shape and decomposition of change in income inequality in India in recent years.

From Open to Secret Ballot

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toke S. Aidt ◽  
Peter S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Event History ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Secret Ballot ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electoral Turnout ◽  
The U.S

The secret ballot is one of the cornerstones of democracy. We contend that the historical process of modernization caused the switch from open to secret ballot with the underlying mechanism being that income growth, urbanization, and rising education standards undermined vote markets. We undertake event history studies of ballot reform in Western Europe and the U.S. states during the 19th and 20th centuries to establish that modernization was systematically related to ballot reform. We study electoral turnout before and after ballot reform among the U.S. states and British parliamentary constituencies to substantiate the hypothesis that modernization reduced the volume of trade in the vote market.

scholarly journals Energy infrastructure improvements have prompted inclusive growth in rural China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bangzhu Zhu ◽  
Liqing Huang ◽  
Yi-Ming Wei ◽  
Lin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Energy Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Improvement

Abstract Stable energy supply with high quality infrastructure is vital for sustainable energy consumption and inclusive growth. In this paper, we develop empirical methods to evaluate the extent to what energy infrastructure improvement towards inclusive growth, which help guide policy development to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. By investigating the national-scale energy infrastructure improvement project in rural China, we identify the general and inclusive effect of income growth attributed to improved quality of energy infrastructure. The results show that energy infrastructure improvement contributes to rural income increase up to 69 Chinese renminbi (RMB) a year and narrows the income gap by 10 RMB for residents originally with an income difference of 100 RMB. The inclusive growth effect is pronounced in the eastern region, for the poor, for the educated, and becomes remarkable over time. Energy infrastructure improvement leads to income inclusive growth through abundant working time in the eastern and western regions, and general income growth in the middle region through individual health condition. Continuous efforts to energy infrastructure improvement and investments in education and work trainings, especially in the middle and western regions, are critical to achieve inclusive growth.

Institutional Influences on Decision Making: The Case of Bank Lending to Small Businesses in the U.S. and Vietnam

2012 ◽  
pp. 26-51
Author(s):  
Thang Nguyen Van ◽  
Ngoc Le Thi Bich ◽  
Rose Jerman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Heuristics And Biases ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Institutional Influences ◽  
The U.S

This research explores the question of how institutional factors influence busi- ness decision making. We conducted in-depth interviews with twenty-six bankers in Vietnam and the U.S. Our results suggest that the development of market institutions has a strong influence on managers’ frequency use of rational versus subjective decision making approaches. In developed countries, the presence of a large data base and a reliable legal system facilitates bankers’ choice of rational decision making. In the absence of effective market institutions, bankers have no choice but to rely extensively on personal heuristics and biases to make loan decisions. In this situation, heuristics and biases were used intentionally and consciously in decision making process. Two strategies to minimize bias errors – controlling and learning strategies – were used extensively by Vietnamese bankers.

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