scholarly journals Looking back on identities past: Implicit and explicit evaluations of former groups

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ebersole
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Current Group ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
Looking Back

Group memberships have consequences for social evaluation, leading people to prefer in-groups over out-groups. However, group membership can change. In this paper, I investigate implicit and explicit evaluations of a past in-group. Across three studies, former Christians showed less positive implicit and explicit evaluations of Christianity than current Christians, but also slightly more positive implicit evaluations compared to non-religious individuals who were never Christian. This lingering influence of group membership on implicit evaluation was not moderated by the length of time since group exit or past level of involvement in Christianity. Overall, implicit and explicit evaluations of former Christians more closely resembled those of their current group rather than those of their past identity.

“How do you like them now?” Expected reactions upon discovering that a friend is a political out-group member

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 2779-2801
Author(s):  
Elena Buliga ◽  
Cara MacInnis
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Group ◽  
Political Identification ◽  
Maintenance Behaviors ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group Member

Republican or Democrat participants imagined how they would respond upon learning about the political group membership of a potential or established friend. Four vignettes (friend political in-group; friend political out-group; potential friend political in-group; potential friend political out-group) were presented in a random order. After each, participants provided expected reactions. Overall, reactions (e.g., hope of the relationship lasting, intentions to engage in friendship maintenance behaviors, trust) were most positive toward the established in-group friend, followed by potential in-group friend, then the established out-group friend, and lastly the potential out-group friend. That is, participants expected to be more positive toward a person they just met than an established close friend, simply due to knowing these individuals’ political group memberships. Some of these differences were moderated by intergroup attitudes or political identification. Discoveries of political group membership may influence the development or maintenance of friendships.

scholarly journals Household and Community Social Capital Links to Smallholder Food Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith T. Niles ◽  
Jessica Rudnick ◽  
Mark Lubell ◽  
Laura Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Group Memberships

Agricultural adaptation to climate change is critical for ensuring future food security. Social capital is important for climate change adaptation, but institutions and social networks at multiple scales (e.g., household, community, and institution) have been overlooked in studying agricultural climate change adaptation. We combine data from 13 sites in 11 low-income countries in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia to explore how multiple scales of social capital relate to household food security outcomes among smallholder farmers. Using social network theory, we define three community organizational social network types (fragmented defined by lack of coordination, brokered defined as having a strong central actor, or shared defined by high coordination) and examine household social capital through group memberships. We find community and household social capital are positively related, with higher household group membership more likely in brokered and shared networks. Household group membership is associated with more than a 10% reduction in average months of food insecurity, an effect moderated by community social network type. In communities with fragmented and shared organizational networks, additional household group memberships is associated with consistent decreases in food insecurity, in some cases up to two months; whereas in brokered networks, reductions in food insecurity are only associated with membership in credit groups. These effects are confirmed by hierarchical random effects models, which control for demographic factors. This suggests that multiple scales of social capital—both within and outside the household—are correlated with household food security. This social capital may both be bridging (across groups) and bonding (within groups) with different implications for how social capital structure affects food security. Efforts to improve food security could recognize the potential for both household and community level social networks and collaboration, which further research can capture by analyzing multiple scales of social capital data.

Testing a General Theory of Drug Abuse and other Deviant Adaptations

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
History Of

I present an outline of the current state of an evolving general theory of deviant behavior, particularly as it applies to the explanation of the onset and continuity or change in level of involvement in illicit drug use. Self-derogation remains a central organizing concept in the theory. The need for self-approval disposes a person to illicit drug use, depending upon the social evaluation of this pattern in the person's membership/reference groups and the history of net self-enhancing/self-devaluing experiences in these groups. The initiation of illicit drug use is a function of circumstances influencing the opportunities for, and the self-evaluative relevance of anticipated consequences of, the illicit drug use. The continuity of the illicit drug use is a function of the self-evaluative relevance of the perceived consequences of initial drug use, and of changes in the circumstances that provide opportunities for and redefine the self-evaluative relevance of normative standards. The results of recent multivariate analyses are described. These results point to the usefulness of the theory both as a guide for research and as a framework for integrating the results of multivariate analyses estimating the onset and continuity or changes in level of involvement in illicit drug use.

scholarly journals Group Membership and Social and Personal Identities as Psychosocial Coping Resources to Psychological Consequences of the COVID-19 Confinement

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7413
Author(s):  
Carlos-María Alcover ◽  
Fernando Rodríguez ◽  
Yolanda Pastor ◽  
Helena Thomas ◽  
Mayelin Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Coping Resources ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Group Memberships

The confinement imposed by measures to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic may in the short and medium term have psychological and psychosocial consequences affecting the well-being and mental health of individuals. This study aims to explore the role played by group membership and social and personal identities as coping resources to face the experience of the COVID-19 confinement and radical disruption of social, work, family and personal life in a sample of 421 people who have experienced a month of strict confinement in the Region of Madrid. Our results show that identity-resources (membership continuity/new group memberships, and personal identity strength) are positively related to process-resources (social support and perceived personal control), and that both are related to better perceived mental health, lower levels of anxiety and depression, and higher well-being (life satisfaction and resilience) during confinement. These results, in addition to providing relevant information about the psychological consequences of this experience, constitute a solid basis for the design of psychosocial interventions based on group memberships and social identity as coping resources.

Group Membership Salience and the Movement of Conflict

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Proudford ◽  
Kenwyn K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Identity Group ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction

Conflict in and among groups often erupts in surprising and unexpected ways. Building upon extant theory regarding the movement of conflict, the authors posit that conflict gets enacted in distinct ways when individuals and groups are heterogeneous. The relative impermeability of identity group boundaries fundamentally changes the patterns of interaction required to achieve a state of balance in three-party interactions. The authors present two cases that explore the movement and transformation of conflict among employees in a large financial institution. The intricate dynamics suggest that organization and identity group memberships spawn layers of interaction that generate, escalate, resolve, and/or conceal conflict among organizational participants.

scholarly journals When Trust Goes Wrong: A Social Identity Model of Risk Taking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegan Cruwys ◽  
Katharine Helen Greenaway ◽  
Laura J Ferris ◽  
Joanne Rathbone ◽  
Alexander K Saeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Total N ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Identity Model ◽  
Group Memberships

Risk taking is typically viewed through a lens of individual deficits (e.g., impulsivity) or normative influence (e.g., peer pressure). An unexplored possibility is that shared group membership, and the trust that flows from it, may play a role in reducing risk perceptions and promoting risky behavior. We propose and test a Social Identity Model of Risk Taking in eight studies (total N = 4,708) that employ multiple methods including minimal group paradigms, correlational, longitudinal, and experimental designs to investigate the effect of shared social identity across diverse risk contexts. Studies 1 and 2 provided evidence for the basic premise of the model, showing that ingroup members were perceived as posing lower risk and inspired greater risk taking behavior than outgroup members. Study 3 found that social identification was a moderator, such that effect of shared group membership was strongest among high identifiers. Studies 4 and 5 among festival attendees showed correlational and longitudinal evidence for the model and further that risk-taking was mediated by trust, not disgust. Study 6 manipulated the mediator and found that untrustworthy faces were trusted more and perceived as less risky when they were ingroup compared to outgroup members. Studies 7 and 8 identified integrity as the subcomponent of trust that consistently promotes greater risk taking in the presence of ingroup members. The findings reveal that a potent source of risk discounting is the group memberships we share with others. Ironically, this means the people we trust the most may sometimes pose the greatest risk.

Linguistic ‘First Impressions’Accents as a Cue to Person Perception

2018 ◽  
pp. 666-682
Author(s):  
Patricia E.G. Bestelmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Movie Industry ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Social Signal ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Animal

Accents are the way in which speakers pronounce and stress words. These variations in pronunciation of the same language provide important social information about a speaker’s ethnic, socio-economic, and geographical background. The ability to differentiate between regional accents and draw social inferences based on accents develops in early adolescence. Much research, particularly in the social sciences, has demonstrated the importance of accents on the social evaluation of speakers. It is therefore not surprising that the social influence of certain types of accents, particularly foreign ones, is regularly exploited in the movie industry. More recent studies have also demonstrated an interesting preference for speakers who ‘sound like us’, and some scientists even argue that humans are not the only species to use accents as a social signal. Accented vocalizations seem to be a marker for group membership even in the non-human animal kingdom. Novel neuroimaging results provide further support for the notion of accents as a group membership cue and demonstrate that our perception of speech is partly shaped by the listener’s geographical background.

Social group membership and perceptions of the self in Northern Irish children

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orla T. Muldoon ◽  
Karen Trew
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Social Disadvantage ◽  
The Self ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Northern Irish ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Group Memberships

Social disadvantage and minority group membership are believed to have an adverse effect on the development of the self-concept. However, the exact effects of such factors on children’s self-competence and self-esteem are still subject to debate, with some authors arguing that it is not until later in life that the adverse psychological effects of social disadvantage become apparent. This study therefore examined the relationship between gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and age on self-competence and self-esteem in childhood. Eight- to eleven-year-old children ( N = 689) completed the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985) and the results were analysed using MANOVA. Substantial gender differences in self-perceptions across several domains, including global self-esteem, were evident. The analysis also indicated that children of lower SES and from the Roman Catholic (minority) community in Northern Ireland had significantly less positive self-perceptions than middle SES and Protestant (majority group) children in a range of domains. These differences, however, were generally only evidenced at ages 10 and 11. Discussion of these results highlights the influence of group memberships on children’s social development, particularly at the preadolescent stage, and points to the need to consider the combined effects of psychosocial identities and socioeconomic background on the development of self-perceptions.

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