Emmanuel Macron's neoliberal revenge

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-84
Author(s):  
Galina Semeko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Model ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Neoliberal Reforms ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Hybrid Character ◽  
Post War ◽  
Social Expenditures

France is currently going through a rather difficult period of reforms carried out by President Emmanuel Macron in order to bring the economy out of prolonged stagnation and restore the country's «greatness» in the world. Macron's reform initiatives, based on monetarist recipes and the concept of supply-side economics, are considered in the context of the global trend towards economic liberalization that began in the 1970 s and included most developed and developing countries. Until now, changes in France have been slow, with a great lag from other European countries and accompanied by mass protests of the population, because they run counter to the principles of the post-war dirigiste socio-economic model. France went through a long period of liberalization and retreat of the state, and the French model of the market economy has acquired a kind of hybrid character: it is no longer a dirigiste, but also neither a liberal model of the classical (Anglo-Saxon) type. The President set a task to bring the neoliberal transformation of the French socio-economic model to its logical end by reforming institutions that do not meet modern challenges. The article analyzes the most important reforms that were carried out by French presidents before E. Macron, in order to reduce the public sector, change labor law and collective bargaining procedures, reduce social expenditures of the state, etc. The role of E. Macron in neoliberal reforms during the presidency of F. Hollandeis shown. Particular attention is paid to the tasks and content of E. Macron's landmark reforms, including the reform of labor legislation, tax reform, the reform of the state monopoly in the field of railway transport, and the incomplete pension reform. The President has surpassed his predecessors in terms of the scale and significance of neoliberal reforms. This is unquestionably major breakthrough in neoliberal transformation, which will have an impact on the further development of the country's economy.

New World Orders

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-171
Author(s):  
Tobias Harper
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
New World ◽  
The State ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Nationalist Movements ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
New States ◽  
Post War

This chapter focuses on the most immediate and visible change of the post-war era: decolonization and the slow disintegration of the underlying imperial structure of the honours system. In India and Pakistan nationalist movements agreed that the honours system was an undesirable relic of empire, even as British officials tried to make the new states keep it in 1947 in order to maintain connections and power in the subcontinent. The process of decolonization of honours was slower, more partial, and complex in other parts of the world, reflecting complicated balances between loyalty and pragmatism. At the same time, within Britain a wide variety of people—including members of the royal family, Colonial, Dominions, and Commonwealth Office officials, honours recipients, newspaper columnists, and politicians—criticized the growing incongruity of the name of the Order of the British Empire. However, the administrators of the honours system staunchly defended the growing anachronism. In order to make the honours system work for Britain, the state and the public had to forget that the Order of the British Empire was not just of, but for, the empire.

scholarly journals PRIVATE PROPERTY, PUBLIC INTEREST, AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN: THE CASE OF THE LIGHTHOUSES

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The State ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Private Profit ◽  
Post War ◽  
Privately Owned

Until 1836, many of England's lighthouses were privately owned. The owners levied tolls on all merchant shipping which made use of the lights, and in many cases grew rich from the proceeds. After 1815 these profits became increasingly contentious, and, under pressure from shipowners, merchants, and the radical MP Joseph Hume, the whig government abolished private ownership of lighthouses and made Trinity House the sole lighthouse authority for England. The choice of Trinity House as the central administration from a range of alternatives made a UK-wide authority impossible, however, due to the unwillingness of Irish and Scottish MPs to see their national boards replaced by an ‘inferior’ English one. The reform process sheds light on contemporary perceptions of the relationship between private property and public interest and suggests that alongside the process of post-war retrenchment, the state was acquiring a new role as guardian of the public interest, often positioning itself against certain forms of private property. Behind the ‘old corruption’ rhetoric which characterized the demand for reform lay the conviction that certain resources should be excluded from the realm of private property by the state, and that private profit made at the expense of the public interest was morally wrong.

scholarly journals GET THE ECONOMICS BACK TO THE TRAIL OF MORAL SCIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (19) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Branko Đerić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Moral Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Contemporary Development

The paper focuses on the function of the market, economic policy and the public in dynamising economic progress and the arguments that support the claim that economics as a science, taken together with economic policy, has lost the attribute of moral science in our conditions. The dynamics of economic growth is not the only relevant macroscopic feature of economic development, although it has received dominant attention today. And that is not everything. Particular attention is drawn to structural, technological and other changes, the re-institutionalization and construction of an appropriate economic order and economic model and, above all, the state and realization of the moral imperatives of contemporary development. In addition to these issues, the paper addresses the challenges, directions and instruments of economic policy in our circumstances, which is of particular relevance to our better future.

scholarly journals NATIONALIZATION OF BANKS AND INDUSTRY IN AUSTRIA IN 1945–1946

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Nataliya S. Kozyakova
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
The Public ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Eastern Austria ◽  
Full Power ◽  
Post War

The article gives the analysis of post-war nationalization in Austria. Nationalization was carried out in the interests of the big capital. This was applied both to the methods and forms of economic management in the nationalized sector, and to the methods and forms of management that were directly carried out by large monopolists and their protégés. Austria’s monopolies exercised full power in the country and used the public sector to the maximum extent possible to strengthen their financial, political and economic dominance, to increase their own profits by redistributing the national income and violating the labor legislation. The experience of the nationalization in Austria, although it is a small country, has made it possible to draw some conclusions about the significance and the role of nationalization in the workers’ struggle to build a socially just state. In Austria, nationalization was caused by the special historical conditions that developed in the country after the defeat of the fascist Germany. The Austrian oligarchy, which was a Germany’s ally, had no direct way to get the industry located in Austria, which belonged to German monopolies. In this period Austrian financial experts considered nationalization as a lesser evil. It was advantageous for the Austrian oligarchy to shuffle off the burden of the entire financial and economic burden on to the state, i.e., ultimately, to the taxpayers. With the help of nationalization, it hoped to prevent the transfer of enterprises located in Eastern Austria and owned by Germany, as reparations, under the ownership of the USSR. The author comes to the conclusion that the economic basis of Austrian neutrality was nationalization, which was also a powerful weapon of the workers in the conditions of a radical change in the balance of power in the country.

scholarly journals The University and the State in a Global Age: Renegotiating the Traditional Social Contract?

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kwiek
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
The State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Age ◽  
Social Pact ◽  
Post War ◽  
The University ◽  
The Welfare State

This article is based on the Keynote Address to the European Conference on Educational Research (ECER), Dublin, Ireland, 7–10 September 2005. It argues that we are facing the simultaneous renegotiation of the major post-war social contract (concerning the welfare state) in Europe and the renegotiation of a smaller-scale modern social pact: the pact between the university and the nation-state. It suggests that the current, and especially future, transformations of the university are not fully clear outside of the context of transformations to the state (and to the public sector) under global pressures. These pressures, both directly and indirectly, will not leave the university as an institution unaffected. Thus it is more useful today than ever before to discuss the future of the university in the context of the current transformations of the state. The study is divided into four sections: a brief introduction; a section on the university and the welfare state in Europe; a section on the university and the nation-state in Europe; and tentative conclusions.

scholarly journals “IN THE SERVICE OF FACTORY...”: EVERYDAY WORK OF A FACTORYINSPECTOR OF SIMBIRSK PROVINCE IN THE END XIX – THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 249-273
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Public ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Political Forces

Introduction. One of the key institutions that influenced on the industrial development of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries was the factory inspection. Closely integrated into the system of public administration, it went through several stages of its formation and development. Being in the very center of social contradictions within the increasingly aggravated “the workers’ matter”, the factory inspection was often criticized by various political forces, as well as by businessmen and the public. At the same time, factory inspectors were almost the only guarantors of the implementation of factory and labor legislation, defending the legitimate rights of workers and obliging owners and administration of industrial enterprises to fulfill their social obligations. Methods. To solve the tasks of the paper the elements of the methods of socio-institutional and legal analysis were used, which made possible the inclusion of the object of research in a broad system of socio-economic and institutional-legal relations. The application of the modernization theory enabled to include social transformation processes in the trend of industrial modernization. The method of micro-history allowed to consider the activity of a factory inspector in the focus of everyday life. Discussion and conclusion. In general, on the example of the activities of factory inspectors of Simbirsk province in the early XX century it is possible to see the huge amount of work they did, even in the provincial region, which was not among the advanced in the industrial sense. In resolving situations involving the violation of factory legislation and accompanied by labor disputes and conflicts between workers and entrepreneurs arising on this ground, factory inspectors were required impartiality and objectivity. In this case, quite often factory inspectors were forced to enter into a rather tough confrontation with the owners and administration of industrial enterprises. The above data allow us to state with full justification that factory inspectors had tried to perform their duties responsibly and skillfully. In fact, their professional activity was a kind of service to the state, to which there was a very quivering attitude in Russia and which continued to occupy an important place in the system of social values. Although it should be added here that service to the state in the activities of factory inspectors was supplemented by another important mission – the service to society.

Republican Recollections

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-54
Author(s):  
Imogen Peck
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Public Memory ◽  
The State ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
Post War

This chapter analyses the attempts that the governments’ officials and supporters made to shape the public memory of the British Civil Wars. The republics owed their very existence to the outcome of these conflicts, and successive regimes made a concerted effort to craft a version of the recent past that would legitimate the new state. It demonstrates that, in achieving this task, three themes were particularly prevalent: the culpability of the King; the providential nature of the Parliament’s victories; and the cruel and treacherous actions of the Scots. These memories were not, however, entirely unproblematic. Remembering the recent past often conflicted with other political goals, not least the desire to engender reconciliation and the peaceful settlement of the state. Torn between these competing impulses of remembrance and reconciliation, the republics faced—and ultimately failed to resolve—a challenge that has continued to trouble post-war states down to the present day.

State civil service: questions relations between administrative and labor law

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
A. A. Grishkovets
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Labor Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
State Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article analyzes the problems of correlation between administrative and labor law of Russia in regulating relations in the civil service, with consideration of the possibility of subsidiary application of the norms of labor legislation of the Russian Federation in regulating relations in the civil service. It is concluded that the state-service relations themselves are not identical with those related to the state civil service. In this regard, the prospects for the development of the civil service in order to further strengthen the public legal status of civil servants are outlined.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN FORENSIC MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE ХХ CENTURY

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 446-456
Author(s):  
V. V. Yusupov
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Medicine ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Forensic Institutions ◽  
Post War ◽  
Medical Examinations ◽  
The Chairs

The issue of development of forensic institutions of Ukraine in the ХХ century was studied. Until 1917, forensic medical examinations were conducted in the medical compartments of the provincial administrations, at the departments of forensic medicine of universities and in hospitals - by police doctors. The chairs of forensic medicine existed in the St. Vladimir Kyiv University, Kharkiv, Novorosiisk and Lviv Universities. Real organization of Ukrainian forensic medical institutions began in 1919 with the creation of the Medical Examination Department at the People’s Commissariat of Health. In 1923, the Main forensic medical inspection, headed by M. S. Bokarius, was founded. In the provinces the positions of forensic medical inspectors were created. In 1927 the sections of biological research were established in the Kharkiv, Kyiv and Odesa institutes of scientific andforensic expertise,where separate forensic examinations were conducted. In 1949 the institutions of forensic medical examination of the USSR were merged into the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination, in Ukraine it was held in 1951. It was proved that forensic medical institutions developed at the following chronological stages: 1) until 1917 - forensic medical service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs; 2) 1917-1941 - prewar formation of forensic medical institutions; 3) 1941-1949 -forensic medical institutions during the war and in the first post-war years; 4) 1949-1990s - period of development of the bureau of forensic medical examinations of the countries of the USSR; 5) since the 1990s - development of expert institutions in the public health care system in independent postSoviet states. It’s stressed that formation of the forensic institutions in Ukraine is closely related with the development of forensic medicine departments of higher educational establishments. Forensic medicine departments were the basisfor practicalforensic medicine, professors provided daily assistance to forensic medical experts.

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