scholarly journals Nepalese legal standard of milk and common milk products and its implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-294
Author(s):  
Namdev Upadhyay ◽  
Bipisha Khanal ◽  
Yogendra Acharya ◽  
Krishna Prasad Timsina
Keyword(s):  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
Dairy Development ◽  
Desk Review

The milk and milk products are diversified and there is increasing awareness about the quality standards of products among the consumers.Therefore this study reviewed the legal standard of milk and common milk Products in Nepal and its implications using desk review and exploratory research.In Nepal, the department of food technology and quality control has developed several legal standards for the quality assurance of milk and milk products. National Dairy Development Board has established the Code of Practice for Dairy Industry 2004 which directs six criteria for the standardization of milk and milk products like Organoleptic test, Clot On Boiling (COB) test, Alcohol Test,Fat test and Solids-Not-Fat (SNF)test,  Adulteration test, phosphate test, and microbial and coliform test. The review identified the quality standards of milk products like ghee, butter, paneer, milk powders but some quality parameters for ice-creams and cheese are still missing. The research identifies the quality non-compliance rate of milk and milk products that is about 19% which is in a decreasing trend. To the effective implementation of the legal standards, maintenance of health and hygiene of livestock at the production site, lab and infrastructure support at the distribution site, and creating consumer awareness to the consumer site is imperative.

scholarly journals Eliciting Multi-Dimensional Care through Liability and Regulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon-Koo Che
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Level Of Care ◽  
Preventative Care ◽  
Settlement Rate ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
Settlement Behavior ◽  
Legal Costs ◽  
Perverse Effect ◽  
Negligence Rule

Abstract This paper examines the incentive performance of liability and regulation when a potential injurer can take two types of preventative care, one of which is observed and one of which is not. The problem is studied in a general asymmetric information model, where settlement behavior is endogenous and which incorporates an uncertain legal standard. Contrary to existing literature, we find (1) a shift to a negligence rule may have a perverse effect on unobserved care; (2) uncertainty in legal standards may be socially beneficial as it provides a relatively good incentive for unobserved care; (3) a regulation may not be effective if preventative care efforts are substitutes but is effective if they are complements; (4) an increase in settlement rate may or may not increase the level of care, depending on the cause of the increase; (5) a “decoupling” arrangement with a feature that the defendant pays more than the plaintiff recovers, reduces legal costs and is therefore socially beneficial.

Monitoring of Selected Indoor Air Quality Parameters and Cooling Energy Usage in Hotel Restaurant Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 564 ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
M.M. Syafiq Syazwan ◽  
Mohammad Zainal M. Yusof ◽  
C.K. Chang ◽  
M.D. Amir Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Internal Source ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Loads Analysis ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Psychrometric Chart

Sensible (temperature) and latent (moisture) loads are the common load an air-conditioning (AC) system need to handle. Both loads are generated from conditioned space, internal source and outdoor air ventilation. This study is to monitor the indoor air quality IAQ in hotel restaurant and the results are compared with Malaysian standard MS1525 and Industry Code of Practice (COP) on IAQ 2010, Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) Malaysia. The AC system performance was also monitored to identify the actual cooling energy usage base on standard operations. Psychrometric chart was used to analyse the actual cooling energy required and identified the latent and sensible loads significantly. The result of the study shows the mean air temperature, relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide (CO) and carbon monoxide (CO2) levels were within range as stipulated by standard and code of practice. Heat loads analysis on a psychrometric chart showed the total cooling energy as 296.2 kW; of which 196.3 kW was contributed to primary air unit (PAU) and 99.9 kW to air handling unit (AHU) respectively. The primary contribution for sensible and latent loads and recommendation of potential energy saving also been discussed to meet energy efficient in AC system while maintaining good indoor air quality in the restaurant.

Research of Electronic Forensics Model and Key Technology for Intelligent Terminal

2015 ◽  
Vol 734 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Guo Gen Wan ◽  
Ling Tie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
Electronic Evidence ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Intelligent Terminal ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
The Status ◽  
Evidence Analysis ◽  
Technical Model

The present study about forensics technology intelligent of electronic terminal is mainly in utility demand, and there are many shortcomings in the point of view of forensics mode, evidence standard, forensics technology comprehensive etc.. This article conducts the research from the legal standard, technical standard, technical model, key technology and other aspects of the intelligent terminal of electronic forensics. Firstly , the characteristics and requirements of the intelligent terminal in electronic evidence are analyzed, the status of the domestic and foreign research about intelligent forensic is also analyzed. Then the electronic forensics model of intelligent terminal is proposed in terms of legal standards, technical standards, technical model, key technologies, and in the model as a guide, the related technologies of electronic evidence extraction, evidence analysis, evidence preservation, and other in the intelligent terminal are studied. Forensic Model and related techniques are proposed in this paper have important theoretical and application value for the Judiciary to electronic forensics in intelligent terminal.

scholarly journals Efektifitas Kinerja Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) Industri Gula di Kabupaten Kediri dan Kabupaten Sidoarjo

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Erry Ika Rhofita ◽  
Aldentio Emir Russo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Environment Regulation ◽  
Industry Wastewater

ABSTRACTWastewater from sugar industries has complex characteristics and depends on the production capacity. The main aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the waste water treatment processes (WWTP) of two sugar factories PG. Kediri and PG. Sidoarjo in reducing pH, BOD, COD, and TSS during year 2016 and 2017. Wastewater influents in both factories exceeded the water quality standards of Ministry of Environment Regulation Number 5 Year 2014. After treatments, water quality parameters of the effluents including pH, BOD, COD and TSS were significantly decreased. The effectiveness of the PG Kediri WWTP in reducing BOD, COD and TSS was 98.52%; 98.47% and 91.51% respectively. The effectiveness of PG Sidoarjo WWTP in reducing BOD, COD and TSS was 5-20% lower than that of PG. Kediri. Keywords: effectiveness performance, WWTP, sugar industry, wastewater  ABSTRAKLimbah cair yang dihasilkan oleh industri gula memiliki karakteristik yang kompleks dan bergantung pada kapasitas produksi. Pengolahan limbah cair dilakukan secara fisika dan biologi untuk mengurangi konsentrasi bahan pencemar yang menjadi permasalahan lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas kinerja IPAL di PG. Kediri dan PG. Sidoarjo dalam menurunkan konsentrasi pH, BOD, COD dan TSS selama tahun 2016 dan 2017. Sebelum pengolahan air limbah memiliki konsentrasi tinggi melebihi ambang batas baku mutu air limbah yang ditetapkan oleh Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup RI No. 5 Tahun 2014. Setelah dilakukan pengolahan terjadi penurunan konsentrasi pH, BOD, COD, dan TSS secara signifikan yang diukur di bagian outlet IPAL. Besarnya efektifitas kinerja IPAL di PG Kediri dalam menurunkan konsentrasi BOD, COD, dan TSS sebesar 98,52%; 98,47%; dan 91,51%. Berbeda dengan nilai efektifitas kinerja IPAL di PG Sidoarjo yang lebih rendah 5 sampai 20% dari efektifitas PG. Kediri.Kata kunci: efektifitas kinerja, industri gula, IPAL, limbah cair

scholarly journals IOT System To Control The Air Quality In Operating Room

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 5726-5732
Author(s):  
Albert Cahya Yojana
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Research Show

The need for an air quality monitoring system in the operating room that can help users to maintain predetermined quality standards. Air quality parameters that are very important to note are temperature, humidity, and positive pressure. The results of the research show that this system can help users to control the air quality system in the operating room, and can provide an alarm in the form of WA to users, with 95.7% successful delivery. The reading results have been compared with a calibrated instrument. With an average temperature difference of 0.24%, RH 0.18%, DP 0.23%. The purpose of this paper is to develop a control system in the operating room, so that the parameters that become the main standards can be achieved. If any parameter exceeds the predetermined limit, the system will provide a warning or notification in the form of WA to the user.

scholarly journals Identification of the Main Water Quality Parameters for Monitoring and Evaluating Watershed Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Pranatasari Dyah Susanti ◽  
Nining Wahyuningrum
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Phosphate Nitrate

Water quality is one of the crucial parameters in monitoring and evaluating watersheds. A large number of parameters causes the monitoring and evaluation of watershed performance to be less efficient and costly. This study aims to determine the main parameters as a method of simplifying water quality observation parameters by producing equations that can be used to predict the level of pollution of a non-point source pollutant (watershed). A sampling of surface water was carried out by purposive sampling at several outlets located in the Brantas and Upper Solo watersheds. The research parameters analysed were: TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, Phenol, Free Chlorineine, Sulfide, Arsenic, Fe, Pb, Phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Detergent, Turbidity and E. Coli. The results of the analysis of water quality are used to calculate the value of the Pollution Index (PI) according to the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 115 of 2003 and to determine the class of water quality standards that refer to Class III water quality standards, in Government Regulation No.82 of 2001. The analysis showed that all samples were at mild to moderate pollution levels, and did not meet class III water quality standards. Multiple regression analysis produced two equations, namely: Model 1: PI = 3.952 + 91.668 Phenol and Model 2: PI = 3.086 + 80.167 Phenol + 0.152 BOD, with R squared values of 53% and 69.9% with a confidence level of 0.005. Thus the prediction of pollution levels of similar watershed can be made only by using the two most influential parameters namely phenol and/or BOD alone.   

Challenging Unwritten Measures in the World Trade Organization: The Need for Clear Legal Standards

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-482
Author(s):  
Cherise Valles ◽  
Vitaliy Pogoretskyy ◽  
Tatiana Yanguas
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Managed Trade ◽  
Analytical Tools

ABSTRACT Disputes in the World Trade Organization (WTO) involving the challenge of unwritten measures have increased in recent years. This trend may have been encouraged by the successful challenge of Argentina’s ‘managed trade policy’ as an ‘overarching unwritten measure’ in Argentina—Import Measures. Advancing a claim against an unwritten measure, however, is not an easy undertaking. These measures are not embodied in any law, administrative regulation or judicial decision. Their very existence and precise contours are, therefore, uncertain and must be proven with evidence, which may not necessarily be readily available. The uncertain nature of unwritten measures makes the dispute settlement process significantly more complicated for the complainant, the respondent and the WTO adjudicators. Despite the difficulties in challenging, defending and adjudicating unwritten measures, relatively little has been written on this subject. This article discusses the types of trade concerns that could be challenged as ‘unwritten measures’, and the different legal characterizations (analytical tools) that have been used to challenge these trade concerns in the WTO. The article further explores the practical difficulties that have been encountered in challenges against unwritten measures and how these difficulties have sometimes, but not always, been overcome. The article concludes that there is a lack of clarity as to the correct legal standard that must be applied in the challenge of different types of unwritten measures. There is more work to be done to clarify the applicable legal standards and the types of evidence required to substantiate the existence of unwritten measures.

Comparison of Japanese and U.S. Environmental Regulations Impacting Shipbuilding

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Kura ◽  
Albert Knecht ◽  
Kenneth McManis ◽  
W. Reid Lea
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Criteria Pollutants ◽  
Stream Quality ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standards

Environmental standards of Japan are reviewed and compared with United States' standards. Ambient air quality standards for criteria pollutants, water quality (stream quality) standards, and the effluent standards for wastewater discharges are compared. From this study, it is understood that some standards are more stringent in Japan while others are more stringent in the U.S. Comparisons are made for several water quality and air quality parameters which provide some understanding of the level of environmental compliance that may be required of a typical Japanese shipyard.

scholarly journals Developing an EFDC and Numerical Source-Apportionment Model for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contribution Analysis in a Lake Basin

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Bai ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Rui Zou ◽  
Huanzhen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Effective Implementation

The numerical source-apportionment model is an efficient and useful method for analyzing water-quality responses to nutrient loading in rivers and lakes. In this study, the Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) and numerical source-apportionment model were applied to Lake Bali in Jiujiang City, China to predict the contributions of various pollution sources to the lake at any time and position. We calibrated and validated the model by comparing its predictions with observed hydrodynamic and water-quality parameters from 2014 to 2015. Application of the calibrated model to simulate water-quality responses to a pollution source showed that the contribution of a pollution source to water quality in the lake has strong spatial heterogeneity. The results provide useful information for the optimization of pollution load reduction in Lake Bali and can be used to determine the most effective implementation of its pollution-control plan. The model built in this study can also be used for pollution source-apportionment in other urban lakes and is superior to other traditional source-apportionment models.

scholarly journals QUALIDADE DE SEMENTES DE MILHETO PARA A COMERCIALIZAÇÃO NO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
Jerffeson Araujo Cavalcante ◽  
Ricardo Miotto Ternus
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The West ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
West Region ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
North And South

Millet is one of the main grasses used for summer cultivation, however, one of the problemsinvolving pasture formation in Brazil is the variation in the quality of the seeds of commercial forage species, and this has compromised the establishment of pastures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological characteristics of millet seeds commercialized in different regions of the State of Santa Catarina, in the 2014/2015 harvest. Seventeen lots of millet seeds of BRS 1501 from different commercial establishments and regions (Far West, West, Midwest, North and South) ofthe State of Santa Catarina were used. The physical and physiological quality of seed lots was evaluated. The germination of the analyzed lots, independently of the region, was in accordance with the current legal standards. Only the lots from the West region presented values below the legal standard of 95% for physical purity, but not differing from the others. No differences between the lots collected by region were verified for the vigor evaluations. However, it was observed that the lots presented highgermination and low emergence, being characterized a problem in the establishment of pastures in the field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document