scholarly journals State Fragility and Organized Crime

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-135
Author(s):  
Rabi Raj Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Protection Rackets ◽  
The Government ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Government Corporations

There are always probabilities of strong relationships between transnational organized crime group, the government, semi-government agencies and irregular formations. Because, at the fundamental level, motivations and aspirations of all these agencies and groups may be similar, i.e. making as much money or profit as quickly as possible; whether in a semi-legitimate or illegitimate means and ways. For this, they will be ready to use any modus operandi; the end result and harm they cause to the nation and society will be the same. Therefore, more often it is also very difficult to distinguish them one from another. In this regard, they all can be termed “the silent partners” of the legitimate government agencies, semi-government corporations and the organized crime groups (OCGs) and wherever they belong: they converge at a single platform, i.e. the Organized Crime. Therefore, the silent partners of the Organized Crime Group can be any of these: a private party or person, a government officer or his office, a semi-government official or a group of people belonging to these organizations. There may be another similarity among these too;…i.e. they all do their utmost to avoid their appearance in public or willingly acknowledged their involvement in any form and deeds on such cooperative undertaking. There are many ways such organized syndicates apply their methods that may be soft, peaceful to even gruesomely violent means to get access to state power, money or government resources. In this regard, they may apply all types of legitimate and illegitimate means, to name the few, such as protection rackets, and capture public resources, seize of property and land forcibly in an illegitimate way, and eventually entry into the licit private sector by money laundering and other means.

Extortion

Criminology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanas Rusev
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Professional Occupation ◽  
Political Groups

Extortion is a predatory crime similar to other practices such as blackmail, bribery, coercion, and robbery. Extortion practices have been classified according to their degree of complexity and the professional occupation of the perpetrator. Simplest forms are related to episodic incidents, where a single offender receives a one-time benefit from one victim. Systematic extortion is usually perpetrated by organized crime groups that exact payments from multiple victims. Such well-rooted extortion practices over a certain territory have long been associated with Mafia-type organizations and denoted as protection racketeering. The scholarly debate on the genesis and nature of Mafia extortion practices continues to this date. While one of the influential theories contends that racketeering is an economic activity—provision of (extralegal) protection services—others postulate that it is rather an imposition of illegal taxation by quasi-political groups. Some scholars have also focused on “extortion under the color of office,” or, in other words, extortion perpetrated by public servants or politicians in their official capacity. However, the biggest challenge in conceptualizing and studying extortion perpetrated by public officials remains its distinction from bribery. Although in theory the two crimes can be distinguished by the degree of coercion involved in the crime and the role (or modus operandi) of public officials in the bribery and extortive scheme, it appears that in practice it is usually not possible to establish a difference.

scholarly journals Sports Betting-Motivated Corruption in Australia: An Under-Studied Phenomenon

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynald Lastra ◽  
Peter Bell ◽  
Christine Bond
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Sports Betting ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Gambling Law ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Gambling Culture

With the continual rise of gambling methods there is a need to better understand sports betting-motivated corruption in the Australian context. This literature review highlights seven predominant themes: the Australian gambling culture, betting opportunities available, the threat of sports betting to the integrity of sport, corruption in sport, involvement of transnational organized crime groups in sports corruption, the theoretical perspectives used in sports corruption research, and anti-corruption strategies which are important in the prevention and law enforcement of this criminal behavior. The review identifies significant gaps in existing knowledge surrounding sports betting-motivated corruption, highlighting the need for further research in this area.Keywords: corruption, sports betting, gambling, law enforcement, sports integrity

scholarly journals Illicit Transnational Enterprises and the State

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-105
Author(s):  
Anna I. Efimova
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Transnational Activities

This article aims at contributing to the current debate over the effects of illicit transnational activities on states. Recent avenues of conceptualizing transnational organized crime call for defining it as an economic activity with the scope of profit, rather than a criminal activity. Illicit transnational business activities largely follow the trends in development of legal business. The transnational criminal enterprises emerged in parallel to the growth of multinational corporations, making use of the same opportunities as legal business did. The article discusses violence by illicit enterprises and reviews current theoretical debate on the linkages between illicit enterprises and the state. The paper then proceeds with an empirical analysis of the effects of the presence of illicit enterprises on state weakness. We have hypothesized that weak states may have higher presence of criminal businesses. The findings generally confirm significant correlation between the two variables. State fragility is positively correlated with the presence of organized crime. Testing these results against empirical evidence partially confirms the findings. However, this correlation might be weakened by the observation that the presence of illicit enterprises alone does not determine state fragility or strength. 

scholarly journals Organized Crime in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricco Koslowski
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
Insight Into

The study introduces the current situation in connection with organized criminal groups in Europe. By differentiation of their specific characteristics, the activity of terrorist and organized crime groups in Europe are presented. The author provides some insight into the activity of the currently working organized crime groups through the assessment of the activity of transnational organized crime groups. In the forecast of future evolution of organized crime, the author emphasizes the importance of regular cooperation at national and international, as well as inside and outside of the competent organizations.

scholarly journals Alternatív közszolgáltatás, alternatív vitarendezés

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Rákóczy
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Cultures

The paper aims to find a connection between the methods of alternative dispute resolution and one of the oldest and largest organized crime groups, the Yakuza, which is considered as one of the four largest transnational organized crime groups by the USA as of July, 2011. The rationale behind my research was on the one hand that numerous types of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques are well-known and applied by Japanese jurisdiction, and the views and circumstances which represent the Yakuza, as a kind of public services institute, which supports the weak and the poor, as opposed to crime organizations in different countries. I assume that in a scientific manner, the Yakuza is a potential subject of an ADR process, or references of the alternative resolution of the dispute in the relevant studies and other source-strings correlating to the Yakuza could also be possible. To uncover the connections, the investigation focused on scientific studies about the applied methods of alternative dispute resolution in Japan, and in general the culture of dispute resolution of Japanese people as compared to the attitudes of citizens from different cultures. Furthermore, I seek the approaches according to which, the Yakuza in the time of need is a supporting institute, and serves society. This result could also point out further connections on the stage of politicaland economic interlocking. I expect to prove that the examined studies will lead to a correspondence between the two fields in a manner from which I could deduce consistent and scholarly application of ADR techniques with the participation of the Yakuza.

Organized Crime and Protection Rackets

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Campana
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Protection Rackets ◽  
New Framework

By relying on a broad rational choice perspective, this chapter explores the key mechanisms underpinning the workings of organized crime and specifically protection rackets. It first defines organized crime in terms of its attempt to monopolize markets, and then the chapter explores the factors that may lead to the emergence of criminal monopolies. Next, it discusses some distinctive features associated with protection rackets, with a focus on the nature of protection, its varieties and price. The chapter then discusses some of the challenges faced by illegal protectors. Finally, it critically assesses the interplay between globalization and organized crime and reviews a new framework for interpreting transnational organized crime operations.

scholarly journals Legal Analysis Of Human Trafficking Case As A Transnational Organized Crime That Is Threatening State Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Yuda Prasetya
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
State Security ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Palermo Protocol

 Human trafficking is a form of transnational crime. One of the cases that occurred in 2019 was the torture of one of the Female Workers even being made a sexual gratification is one proof of the cruelty of human trafficking. Several Conventions have been held to prevent human trafficking. The UN in 2000 issued the Palermo Protocol on Preventing, Eradicating and Punishing Trafficking in Persons. The perpetrators of human trafficking have violated human rights because of exploitation. The Government of Indonesia issued The Act Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Criminal Act of Trafficking in Persons as an action to prevent trafficking in persons. Efforts to protect victims are also carried out by protecting, helping to resolve victims' problems and repatriating victims.  

scholarly journals Taliban insurgency and transnational organized crime nexus

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ayub Mirdad
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Continuum Theory ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Illegal Mining ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Organized Crime Groups

Afghanistan has been demolished by more than three decades of the ongoing war since the war against the Soviet Union started in 1979. The Afghanistan-Pakistan region provides a geographically secure location and a space of opportunity for organized crime and terrorist groups. This paper aims at exploring the Taliban nexus with organized crime groups in Afghanistan and the region through Makarenko’s crime-terror continuum theory. The method of this study is qualitative through the descriptive-analytical approach. The growing connection between insurgents and organized crime poses essential challenges to the region. Each group has developed both criminal and terrorist elements while not relinquishing its original organizing principle. Afghanistan is a war-torn country and weak governance, terrorism, narcotics, illegal mining, poor border control, and widespread corruption provide the perfect opportunity for convergence of the Taliban with organized criminal and insurgent groups in the region. The Taliban and organized crime groups are involved in kidnapping for ransom, drug trade, extortion, and exploitation of natural resources. The finding indicates that, although the objectives of the insurgent and organized crime organizations differ widely, these enabling variables are also suitable for organized crime organizations. The primary objective of organized crime is to gain profit, and the objective of the insurgent is to contest the state power and promote political change through violence. The economic sources are the primary main reason why the two organizations converge.

scholarly journals Tindak Pidana Penyelundupan Manusia Dengan Modus Operandi Memperkerjakan PMI Ke Luar Negeri Ditinjau Dari UNCATOC Dan Hukum Internasional

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Dikky Firsthio Damas ◽  
Fabian Bagaskara Sugianto ◽  
Randy Asmoro Dwi Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
The World ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The Relationship

People smuggling affects all regions of the world. Every year, thousands of immigrants and refugees try to leave their home countries and seek a better life in their destination countries. The purpose of this paper is to find out how the criminal act of people smuggling with the modus operandi of employing PMIs abroad in terms of UNCATOC and international law and what is the relationship between the crime of human smuggling and international migration if it is associated with international law. It can be concluded that the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime has a Protocol that is intended to combat smuggling by preventing, investigating and prosecuting violations, and by promoting international cooperation among States Parties to protect the human rights and other interests of smuggle.

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