scholarly journals Field Straw Management – A Techno Economic Perspectives

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mangaraj ◽  
S. D. Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Field Collection ◽  
Straw Management ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
The Cost

The study was conducted in the combine harvested paddy (variety-Kranti) and wheat (HI-8498) field. The crop gatherer cum baler was used for collection and baling of crop residues left in the field. Collection and gathering losses were determined for given condition and quantity of straw in the field. Moisture content of loose paddy and wheat straw was 15% and 8% respectively. Field operation was conducted at forward speed of 2.7 km/h and with collecting width of 1240 mm. The number of twine tied bales obtained per h was 181 and 87 with bale density of 200 and 102 kg/m3 and bale mass of 22 and 10 kg respectively for rice and wheat crop. The collection and gathering losses were 18.40% for rice and 41.12 % for wheat. The cost of producing one twine tied bale was Rs.2.75 and Rs.5.00 for rice and wheat respectively. At nominal price of rice straw (Rs. 0.25/kg) and wheat straw (Rs. 0.75/kg) the net income from straw collection and baling using the machine was Rs. 607.00 per ha and Rs. 235.00 per ha for rice straw and wheat straw respectively. Straw management in the combine harvested fields by straw collection and baling in the field is considered as an appropriate and economically viable option for timely use of the field for subsequent sowing.Key words: Straw management; Techno economicDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5107Journal of the Institute of EngineeringVol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 153-159Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011

scholarly journals Tillage, Green Manure And Residue Retention Improve Aggregate-Associated Phosphorus Fractions Under Rice-Wheat Cropping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Sukhjinder Kaur ◽  
Om Parkash Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Fractions ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Western India

Abstract The sustainability of rice-wheat system (RWS) in north-western India is threatened due to the deterioration of soil health and emergence of new challenges of climate change caused by low nutrient use efficiency and large scale burning of crop residues. Phosphorus and phosphatase activities in the soil aggregates affected by different residue management practices remain poorly understood. Thus, soil samples were obtained after a five year field experiment to identify the effect of tillage, green manure and residue management on aggregate-associated phosphorus fractions. In rice, the main plot treatments were combinations of wheat straw and Sesbania green manure (GM) management: (1) puddled transplanted rice (PTR) with no wheat straw (PTRW0), (2) PTR with 25% wheat stubbles (12-15 cm long) retained (PTRW25), (3) PTR without wheat straw and GM (PTRW0+GM), and (4) PTR with wheat stubbles (25%) and GM (PTRW25+GM). Three sub-plots treatments in the successive wheat crop were (1) conventional tillage with rice straw removed (CTWR0), (2) zero tillage (ZT) with rice straw removed (ZTWR0) and (3) ZT with 100% rice straw retained as surface mulch (ZTWR100). Results of the present study revealed that all phosphorus fractions were significantly higher in PTRW25+GM followed by ZTWR100 compared with PTRW0/CTWR0 treatment within both macro- and micro-aggregates. The total phosphorus (P), available P, alkaline phosphatase and phytin-P were significantly higher under ZTWR100 than CTWR0. Principal component analysis identified NaOH-Po, NaHCO3-Pi and HCl-P as the dominant and reliable indicators for evaluating P transformation within aggregates under conservation agriculture based practices.

NUTRITION BACKGROUND EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF OATS

10.12737/3816 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-90
Author(s):  
Ахметзянов ◽  
Marsel Akhmetzyanov ◽  
Таланов ◽  
Ivan Talanov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Cost

Owing to the agriculture intensification increasing, unreasonably extensive use of chemicals, comprehensive mechanization, intensive tillage, together with an increase in productivity leads to noticeable undesirable results. The contamination grow, the infectiousness of fields by pests and diseases of agricultural crops increases, due to decomposition of humus, the soil fertility gradually decreases, and the quality of the products is deteriorating by the presence of hazardous compounds for health, ecological balance is disturbed environment. In this connection, so that to solve these problems, it is necessary to develop farming biologzation, namely the expansion of perennial grasses, reducing the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals, the use of intermediate crops for fodder and green manure, the use of crop residues and organic fertilizers, the use of advanced tillage methods. In recent years, the study of some specific biologzation elements are held in Russia too, but without an integrated approach. An intensification of the use of biological means of soil fertility was contributed to: creation an optimum density of the addition of the soil; creation better moisture content of crops; phytosanitary condition of crops. The maximum crop productivity (4.03 tons per hectare) was obtained, when adding straw and stubbly green manure, the cost of 1 ton of grain was decreased, compared with mineral background to 281.4 rubles, the net income was higher to 1593.6 rubles per hectare, the profitability of oat production was 52.8%, against 32.5% on a mineral background.

Winter wheat straw management on subsequent processing tomato yield, quality, economics and nitrogen dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Van Eerd ◽  
Steven A. Loewen ◽  
Richard J. Vyn
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Straw Management ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Yield Quality

Van Eerd, L. L., Loewen, S. A. and Vyn, R. J. 2015. Winter wheat straw management on subsequent processing tomato yield, quality, economics and nitrogen dynamics. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 273–283. The removal of crop residues to meet the anticipated demand for the bioeconomy sector may impact subsequent crop productivity. A field experiment was designed to evaluate the response of processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw management practices of: (1) retaining straw, (2) removing straw, or (3) retaining straw with a fall application of calcium ammonium nitrate at 34 kg N ha−1 to enhance straw decomposition. At two locations in 2006–2009, a split-plot design within a randomized complete block experiment, with wheat straw management as main-plot factor and nitrogen fertilizer (0 and 145 or 224 kg N ha−1) to the tomato crop as split-plot factor. At Ridgetown, marketable and total yield and profit margins were significantly higher with straw retained compared with straw removed treatments (total yield of 74.4 vs. 66.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively) but the straw retained plus fall N treatment (total yield 72.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1) was not different. However, at Leamington, straw management had no effect on yield or profit margins likely due to the rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop used in the production system. At both locations, tomato quality (color, pH, soluble solids) was not influenced by straw or N management. Nitrogen fertilizer application to tomato had a significant effect on total processing yield, soil mineral N, and plant N, but wheat straw management had no effect on these parameters and there were no N fertilizer by straw management interactions. Winter wheat straw management did not impact soil N fertility for subsequent crop production. Thus, there may be significant undesired effects of removing crop residues on a subsequent crop yield; however, planting a cover crop may mitigate subsequent yield losses associated with biomass removal.

EFFECT OF CROP RESIDUES AND FERTILIZER TREATMENTS ON THE YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF WHEAT

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hedlin ◽  
R. E. Smith ◽  
F. P. Leclaire
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sweet Clover ◽  
Second Year

Results are presented showing the effect of alfalfa, grass and wheat crop residues on the yield and protein content of wheat during the 6-year period, 1948–1953.The yield of first crop wheat after alfalfa (34.4 bu./ac.) was greater than the yield after grass (25.6 bu.). The yields of wheat after fallow in which wheat straw residues had been incorporated were 31.4 and 32.4 bu. The second wheat crop after alfalfa (23.8 bu.) yielded more than the second crop after grass (19.4 bu.) and also than the second crop after fallow (18.4 and 16.3 bu.)Returning wheat crop residues reduced yields. This effect was slight the first year after fallow but more pronounced the second year after fallow. The depressing effects of grass and wheat crop residues were partly offset by applications of 16-20-0 at 108 lb. per acre. Yields of the second crop of wheat after fallow were greater where sweet clover had been ploughed down in the fallow year or where the straw residues were burned.The protein content was highest after alfalfa and where sweet clover was ploughed down in the fallow year. Protein content was low after grass breaking. Fertilizer treatments, although they increased yield, had little effect on protein content.

scholarly journals Liquefaction of crop residues for polyol production

BioResources ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyun Liang ◽  
Zhihuai Mao ◽  
Yebo Li ◽  
Caixia Wan ◽  
Tipeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Liquefaction Process

The liquefaction of crop residues in the presence of ethylene glycol, ethylene carbonate, or polyethylene glycol using sulfuric acid as a catalyst was studied. For all experiments, the liquefaction was conducted at 160 ° C and atmospheric pressure. The mass ratio of feedstock to liquefaction solvents used in all the experiments was 30:100. The results show that the acid catalyzed liquefaction process fit a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Liquefaction yields of 80, 74, and 60% were obtained in 60 minutes of reaction when corn stover was liquefied with ethylene glycol, a mixture of polyethylene glycol and glycerol (9:1, w/w), and ethylene carbonate, respectively. When ethylene carbonate was used as solvent, the liquefaction yields of rice straw and wheat straw were 67% and 73%, respectively, which is lower than that of corn stover (80%). When a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethylene glycol (8:2, w/w) was used as solvent, the liquefaction yields for corn stover, rice straw and wheat straw were 78, 68, and 70%, respectively.

Effect of organics on nitrogen transformations in soil under different moisture regimes

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-293
Author(s):  
M. Mavi ◽  
B. Singh ◽  
R. Setia
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Organic Manures

Awareness of the environmental aspects of the quality of crop production has increased in recent decades, leading to renewed interest in organics such as crop residues, green manures and organic manures. The effect of organics on urea transformation was investigated by conducting a laboratory incubation experiment in alluvial clay loam soil (Typic Ustifluvents) at 33±1°C with two moisture levels (1:1 soil:water ratio and field capacity). The rate of urea hydrolysis decreased as the time of incubation increased and the disappearance of urea N was associated with a corresponding increase in the (NH 4+ + NO 3− )-N content in soils treated with crop residues (rice straw and wheat straw), organic manures (poultry manure and farmyard manure) and green manures (cowpea and sesbania). In untreated soil, the time taken for the complete hydrolysis of the applied urea (200 μg urea N g −1 soil) was more than 96 h at both the moisture levels, whereas in amended soils it was completed in 48 h. The rate of urea hydrolysis was more rapid at field capacity than at the 1:1 soil:water ratio. Urea hydrolysis was higher in sesbaniatreated soils, followed by cowpea, poultry manure, farmyard manure, rice straw and wheat straw at both the moisture levels. At field capacity, 85.5% urea was hydrolysed in sesbania-treated soil as compared to 32% in untreated soil after 24 hours of incubation, while at the 1:1 soil:water ratio the corresponding values were 81.5 and 27.5%. Urea hydrolysis followed first order reaction kinetics at both the moisture levels.

scholarly journals Characterization of Burning Behaviors and Particulate Matter Emissions of Crop Straws Based on a Cone Calorimeter

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3407
Author(s):  
Wei Song ◽  
Yanrong He ◽  
Yuzhang Wu ◽  
Wei Qu
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Network Chain ◽  
The Difference

Crop residue burning is one of the major sources of particulate matter (PM) in the air. The burning behaviors and PM emissions of the three typical crop residues (rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw) in China were characterized by a cone calorimeter (CONE) coupled with a laser dust meter. The water-soluble compounds, carbonaceous content, and morphology of PM were measured by ion chromatography, elemental analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that thermal stability of corn straw was the worst among the three crop straws. The heat release rate (HRR) curves of the three crop straws were the typical curves of thermally thick charring (residue forming) samples. Wheat straw had the highest smoke yield, which was 2.9 times that of rice straw. The PM emission factor of wheat straw was 180.91 µg/g, which was about three times that of rice straw. The contents of K+, Na+, and Cl− in PM were significantly higher than those of the other six water-soluble inorganic ions. The ratio of organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC/EC) ranged from 14.82 to 30.82, which was similar to the results of open burning. There were mainly three kinds of aggregates in the PM of crop straws: network, chain-like, and soot. Individual particles were mixtures of KCl and organic matters. Core-shell structures were found in PM of rice straw and corn straw. The results in this study were provided based on CONE, an ISO-standard apparatus, which could avoid data conflicts caused by the difference of combustion devices. The relationship between the burning behavior and PM emission characteristics of crop straws was established, which is helpful to understand emissions of crop straws and to find a novel way to solve the problems from the burning of crop residues.

scholarly journals Integration of maize between rice and wheat with soil and nutrient management to improve productivity of rice-wheat cropping system in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-221
Author(s):  
M Ataur Rahman ◽  
MA Rouf ◽  
KMF Hossain ◽  
MB Rahman ◽  
MA Wohab
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Straw Mulch

The necessity of more food production from limited land enforced cropping intensification over-exploring the natural resources in Bangladesh. This field experiment was initiated to achieve improve and sustainable productivity of an intensive wheat-maize-rice cropping system with improved management of natural resources. Four levels of nutrient managements were tested under four soil management treatments starting with wheat crop sown in November 2009 and ending with the harvest of 8th wheat crop in the system during March 2017. Yield and yield contributing characters of component crops and soil properties were studied following standard methods. Soil management treatment of rice straw mulch application in reduced till-bed or well-till flat soil upon wheat sowing was equally effective in conserving soil moisture, enhancing wheat root development, reducing weed growth and thereby positively influenced spikes/m2 and finally wheat yield. Similarly, wheat straw mulch application contributed to ears/m2 and grain yield of maize. Nutrient levels of recommended fertilizers plus 5.0 t/ha cowdung resulted in yield improvement of wheat and maize throughout the years. However, neither nutrient management nor soil management alone but the combination of recommended fertilizers with 5 t/ha cowdung couple with rice straw mulching in wheat and wheat straw mulching in maize resulted in maximum wheat and maize yield over the years. Rice yield was similar for different treatment combinations until the 4th cropping cycle and thereafter rice yield was also improved by the residual effect of straw mulches. Crop residue mulching along with addition of organic and inorganic fertilizers was found to be a promising soil management technology for achieving sustainable increased productivity of wheat-maize-rice system. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(2): 203-221, June 2019

scholarly journals Integration of Allelopathic Crop Residues and NPK Fertilizer to Mitigate Residue-Phytotoxicity, Improve Soil Fertility and Wheat Growth under Different Moisture Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. FAROOQ ◽  
M. IQBAL ◽  
Z.A. ZAHIR ◽  
M. FAROOQ
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Npk Fertilizer

ABSTRACT: Phytotoxic effects of allelopathic crop residues are important to trickle for their use as a source of organic amendments to improve soil fertility. In present study, through pots and two year field studies, we examined the integrated effect of allelopathic residues and NPK fertilizer treatments including T0 (control), T1 (200-150-100 kg NPK ha 1), T2 (100-75-50 kg NPK ha-1 + mung bean straw 4 t ha-1), T3 (100-75-50 kg NPK ha-1 + rice straw 4 t ha-1), T4 (mung bean straw 8 t ha-1) and T5 (rice straw 8 t ha-1) under different water regimes on soil fertility and wheat crop. Solo application of mung bean residue and rice straw caused significant inhibition of various germination and growth traits of wheat while minimal inhibition occurred when allelopathic straws were integrated with NPK fertilizer both under laboratory and field conditions, especially under 14 days of alternate wet/dry cycles. Among fertilizer treatments, mung bean residue caused a greater increase in soil organic carbon, available nitrogen and available phosphorus, while there was maximum percent increase in available potassium with T1 (200-150-100 kg NPK ha-1). Maximum increase in grain yield (30% and 33%) was achieved with T2 (100-75-50 kg NPK ha-1 + mung bean straw 4 t ha-1) during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively. Integration of allelopathic crop residues with inorganic fertilizers and alternate wet/dry cycles can help to reduce the possible phytotoxic effect of allelopathic residues for sustainable wheat production.

ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES USING IN ANIMAL FARMING

1970 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
I. F. Gorlov ◽  
A. A. Mosolov ◽  
G. V. Komlatskiy ◽  
M. A. Nesterenko ◽  
K. D. Nimbona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
State Level ◽  
Modern Level ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Short Time

The article presents materials on the study of the possibility of reproduction and increase in the herd of highly productive cows through the use of embryo transplantation technology. The classical (in vivo) and more modern, developing (in vitro) methods of embryotransfer, their positive and negative sides are considered in detail. The possibility of accelerating the breeding process by using the method of transplantation, in which from one cow can be obtained from 10 to 100 calves, which will allow for 4-5 years, almost any herd (of any size and breed) with the help of biotechnology to turn into a cattle-breeding enterprise of the most modern level. At the same time, heifers obtained from unproductive cows can be used as "surrogate" mothers who are transplanted with the best donor embryos, which allows to obtain a full-fledged offspring adapted to local environmental conditions. A detailed scheme of obtaining, evaluation, storage, as well as the cost and economic effect of embryo transplantation was calculated, the market was evaluated, the required annual volume of transplants and the number of donor cows for large livestock farms were determined. As a positive example of "Scientific-production enterprise "Centre of biotechnology and embryo transfer" in 2014, implemented a project for accelerated replacement and genetic improvement of the dairy herd, engraftment averaged 57-69%, and the economic effect of the enterprise from getting a single animal by the method of embryo transfer, compared with imports of similar close in quality, ranged from 60 to 100 thousand rubles on his head. It is shown that it is necessary to organize at the state level a developed service for embryo transplantation to reduce the cost of embryo transfer and the possibility of creating in a short time in the country's own highly productive breeding nucleus of dairy and beef cattle, which will reduce, and in the future completely eliminate, import dependence on cattle products.

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