ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES USING IN ANIMAL FARMING

The article presents materials on the study of the possibility of reproduction and increase in the herd of highly productive cows through the use of embryo transplantation technology. The classical (in vivo) and more modern, developing (in vitro) methods of embryotransfer, their positive and negative sides are considered in detail. The possibility of accelerating the breeding process by using the method of transplantation, in which from one cow can be obtained from 10 to 100 calves, which will allow for 4-5 years, almost any herd (of any size and breed) with the help of biotechnology to turn into a cattle-breeding enterprise of the most modern level. At the same time, heifers obtained from unproductive cows can be used as "surrogate" mothers who are transplanted with the best donor embryos, which allows to obtain a full-fledged offspring adapted to local environmental conditions. A detailed scheme of obtaining, evaluation, storage, as well as the cost and economic effect of embryo transplantation was calculated, the market was evaluated, the required annual volume of transplants and the number of donor cows for large livestock farms were determined. As a positive example of "Scientific-production enterprise "Centre of biotechnology and embryo transfer" in 2014, implemented a project for accelerated replacement and genetic improvement of the dairy herd, engraftment averaged 57-69%, and the economic effect of the enterprise from getting a single animal by the method of embryo transfer, compared with imports of similar close in quality, ranged from 60 to 100 thousand rubles on his head. It is shown that it is necessary to organize at the state level a developed service for embryo transplantation to reduce the cost of embryo transfer and the possibility of creating in a short time in the country's own highly productive breeding nucleus of dairy and beef cattle, which will reduce, and in the future completely eliminate, import dependence on cattle products.

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Rapid, Refined, and Robust Method for Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Recombinant Human Amyloid-beta M1-42

10.26434/chemrxiv.7725002.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Priya Prakash ◽

Travis Lantz ◽

Krupal P. Jethava ◽

Gaurav Chopra

Keyword(s):

Amyloid Beta ◽

Western Blots ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

E Coli ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Set Up ◽

Short Time

Amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients primarily consists of amyloid beta 1-42 (Ab42). Commercially, Ab42 is synthetized using peptide synthesizers. We describe a robust methodology for expression of recombinant human Ab(M1-42) in Rosetta(DE3)pLysS and BL21(DE3)pLysS competent E. coli with refined and rapid analytical purification techniques. The peptide is isolated and purified from the transformed cells using an optimized set-up for reverse-phase HPLC protocol, using commonly available C18 columns, yielding high amounts of peptide (~15-20 mg per 1 L culture) in a short time. The recombinant Ab(M1-42) forms characteristic aggregates similar to synthetic Ab42 aggregates as verified by western blots and atomic force microscopy to warrant future biological use. Our rapid, refined, and robust technique to purify human Ab(M1-42) can be used to synthesize chemical probes for several downstream in vitro and in vivo assays to facilitate AD research.

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Effects of rate of development of in vitro-produced ovine embryos on sex ratio and in vivo survival after embryo transfer

Theriogenology ◽

10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00378-6 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 48 (8) ◽

pp. 1369-1378 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

S.L. Catt ◽

J.K. O'Brien ◽

W.M.C. Maxwell ◽

G. Evans

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Embryo Transfer ◽

Rate Of Development

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Recent findings on oogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.38.1.125 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 125-138

Author(s):

F. Giorgi ◽

J. Jacob

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Fat Body ◽

Radioactive Tracer ◽

Superficial Layer ◽

Ruthenium Red ◽

Time Interval ◽

Intracellular Location ◽

Short Time

Vitellogenic ovaries from Drosophila melanogaster flies have been exposed, either in in vivo or in vitro conditions, to various extracellular tracers in an attempt to determine the possible route of entry of the yolk precursors. Ruthenium red and lanthanum nitrate have been shown to gain access to the oocyte surface by initially passing through the intercellular spaces of the follicle layer. Both these tracers, however, never attain an intracellular location within any of the cells forming the ovarian chamber. Colloidal Thorotrast when injected into adult females has never been detected within any of the ovarian chambers examined, irrespective of their stage. Vitellogenic oocytes exposed to peroxidase in in vivo conditions exhibit the oolemma and all the structural elements present in the cortical ooplasm well labelled within a very short time after the injection. Moreover, with gradually increasing exposure times to peroxidase, the labelled yolk platelets increase progressively in number. At each time interval after the injection, the label over the yolk platelets remains restricted to the superficial layer and never gets into the associated body. The pattern of tritiated lysine incorporation into vitellogenic oocytes has been studied over a period of 20 h. A few hours after injection of the radioactive tracer, the silver grains located over the ooplasm appear distributed at random. A predominant labelling of the yolk platelets as compared to the rest of the ooplasm, becomes evident only with a 6 h delay since the time of injection. When analysed by electrophoresis and isolectrofocusing, the vitellogenic ovary is seen to exhibit a number of protein bands which are common to those of other tissues as, for instance, haemolymph and fat body. The evidence obtained in the present study is discussed in relation to the hypothesis of an extraovarian origin of the yolk precursors and their sequestration into forming yolk platelets.

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A2AR Antagonists Upregulate Expression of GS and GLAST in Rat Hypoxia Model

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/2054293 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jun Yu ◽

Yan Yan ◽

Yiye Chen ◽

Yan Zheng ◽

Xiaoyan Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Müller Cells ◽

Muller Cells ◽

Cell Viability Assay ◽

Hypoxic Conditions ◽

Viability Assay ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

A Cell ◽

Short Time

Background. The aim of this study was to research the effects of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) in rat Müller cells and the effects of an adenosine A2AR antagonist (SCH 442416) on GS and GLAST in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro. Methods. This study used RT-PCR and Western blotting to quantify the expressions of GS and GLAST under different hypoxic conditions as well as the expressions of GS and GLAST at different drug concentrations. A cell viability assay was used to assess drug toxicity. Results. mRNA and protein expression of GS and GLAST in hypoxia Group 24 h was significantly increased. mRNA and protein expressions of GS and GLAST both increased in Group 1 μM SCH 442416 compared with other groups. One micromolar SCH 442416 could upregulate GS and GLAST’s activity in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions. Hypoxia activates GS and GLAST in rat retinal Müller cells in a short time in vitro. (2) A2AR antagonists upregulate the activity of GS and GLAST in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro.

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Decision analysis about the cost-effectiveness of different in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer protocol under considering governments, hospitals, and patient

Medicine ◽

10.1097/md.0000000000015492 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 98 (19) ◽

pp. e15492 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wei Pan ◽

Haiting Tu ◽

Lei Jin ◽

Cheng Hu ◽

Yuehan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

In Vitro Fertilization ◽

Decision Analysis ◽

Embryo Transfer ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

The Cost ◽

Transfer Protocol

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Albumin coated liposomes: a novel platform for macrophage specific drug delivery

Nanotechnology Development ◽

10.4081/nd.2011.e2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Clément Vuarchey ◽

Sushil Kumar ◽

Reto Schwendener

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Cell Types ◽

Specific Drug ◽

Splenic Macrophages ◽

Peg Liposomes ◽

Short Time ◽

Liposome Surface

Here we report a new and efficient approach of macrophage specific drug delivery by coating liposomes with albumin. Activated albumin was reacted with liposomes containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as hydrophilic spacers to create a flexible layer of covalently bound albumin molecules on the liposome surface. Albumin coated liposomes were taken up faster and more efficiently than uncoated liposomes by murine macrophages. Liposome uptake was significantly higher in macropha - ges as compared to other cell types tested (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, tumor cells), suggesting specificity for macrophages. In vivo, splenic macrophages phagocytosed BSA coated liposomes (BSA-L) at faster rates compared to conventional liposomes (L) and PEG liposomes (PEG-L). To prove the effectiveness of this new macrophage specific drug carrier, the bisphosphonates clodronate and zoledronate were encapsulated in BSA-L and compared with conventional liposomes. <em>In vitro</em>, treatment of macrophages with clodronate or zoledronate in BSA-L led to cytotoxic activity within a very short time and to up to 50-fold reduced IC50 concentrations. <em>In vivo</em>, clodronate encapsulated in BSA-L depleted splenic macrophages at a 5-fold lower concentration as conventional clodronate-liposomes. Our results highlight the pharmaceutical benefits of albumin-coated liposomes for macrophage specific drug delivery.

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Proteinsynthese in grünen Blättern

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B ◽

10.1515/znb-1964-0310 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 235-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Benno Parthier

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Subcellular Fractions ◽

Mechanical Destruction ◽

Cell Organization ◽

Specific Activities ◽

Short Time ◽

Natural Cell

In the green leaves of Nicotiana rustica, protein synthesis of various subcellular fractions has been investigated in vivo after 14CO2-photosynthesis and also in vitro by incorporation of radioactive amino acids. Following photosynthesis, homogenization of the tissues, and differential centrifugation of the homogenates, the results show that all structural particles of the cell are able to use photosynthetically formed amino acids for the incorporation into their proteins. The proteins with the highest specific activities are found in the mitochondria-rich fractions, and with the lowest in the soluble cytoplasma supernatant. High specific activities are also observed in the ribosomal-rich fraction in short-time experiments, and also in the chloroplasts after exposure of the leaves to light. After an osmotic-mechanical destruction of the isolated 14C-labelled chloroplasts, the specific activities of lamellar proteins exceed the colourless soluble proteins of the chloroplasts. A green fraction, sedimented at 1,000 g, and perhaps mainly consisting of broken and leached chloroplasts, shows the highest specific activity of all chloroplast fractions. Obviously, due to the destruction of the natural cell organization, in vitro experiments give not only drastically decreased specific activities but also another distribution of the incorporated amino acids between the subcellular fractions, compared with experiments in vivo.

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Cross-linker–mediated regulation of actin network organization controls tissue morphogenesis

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.201811127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 218 (8) ◽

pp. 2743-2761 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniel Krueger ◽

Theresa Quinkler ◽

Simon Arnold Mortensen ◽

Carsten Sachse ◽

Stefano De Renzis

Keyword(s):

Myosin Ii ◽

Temporal Organization ◽

Tissue Morphogenesis ◽

Animal Development ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Development In Vitro ◽

Short Time ◽

Actomyosin Contraction

Contraction of cortical actomyosin networks driven by myosin activation controls cell shape changes and tissue morphogenesis during animal development. In vitro studies suggest that contractility also depends on the geometrical organization of actin filaments. Here we analyze the function of actomyosin network topology in vivo using optogenetic stimulation of myosin-II in Drosophila embryos. We show that early during cellularization, hexagonally arrayed actomyosin fibers are resilient to myosin-II activation. Actomyosin fibers then acquire a ring-like conformation and become contractile and sensitive to myosin-II. This transition is controlled by Bottleneck, a Drosophila unique protein expressed for only a short time during early cellularization, which we show regulates actin bundling. In addition, it requires two opposing actin cross-linkers, Filamin and Fimbrin. Filamin acts synergistically with Bottleneck to facilitate hexagonal patterning, while Fimbrin controls remodeling of the hexagonal network into contractile rings. Thus, actin cross-linking regulates the spatio-temporal organization of actomyosin contraction in vivo, which is critical for tissue morphogenesis.

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In vitro-transcribed antigen receptor mRNA nanocarriers for transient expression in circulating T cells in vivo

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-19486-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

N. N. Parayath ◽

S. B. Stephan ◽

A. L. Koehne ◽

P. S. Nelson ◽

M. T. Stephan

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Human Leukemia ◽

Antigen Receptors ◽

Wide Range ◽

Engineered T Cells ◽

Circulating T Cells ◽

The Cost

AbstractEngineering chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) or T cell receptors (TCR) helps create disease-specific T cells for targeted therapy, but the cost and rigor associated with manufacturing engineered T cells ex vivo can be prohibitive, so programing T cells in vivo may be a viable alternative. Here we report an injectable nanocarrier that delivers in vitro-transcribed (IVT) CAR or TCR mRNA for transiently reprograming of circulating T cells to recognize disease-relevant antigens. In mouse models of human leukemia, prostate cancer and hepatitis B-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, repeated infusions of these polymer nanocarriers induce sufficient host T cells expressing tumor-specific CARs or virus-specific TCRs to cause disease regression at levels similar to bolus infusions of ex vivo engineered lymphocytes. Given their ease of manufacturing, distribution and administration, these nanocarriers, and the associated platforms, could become a therapeutic for a wide range of diseases.

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